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DISTANCE RELAYS
V I same phase, on R
if 180 difference
line.
Reactance relay used for the small transmission line.
mho relay used in the long transmission line.
6
Relay Characteristics
MHO
Quadrilateral
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
t
Z3
Timing Diagram
Z2
Z1
Relaying
Point
Z3
CROSS-POLARISATION
Fault Type
R-E
Y-E
POLARISING
B-E
QUANTITIES
R-Y
Y-B
B-R
VRB
VB
VBY
VR
VY
VYR
Power Swing which is basically caused by the large disturbances in the power
system which if not blocked could cause wrong operation of the distance relay
and can generates wrong or undesired tripping of the transmission line circuit
breaker.
Power swings can cause the change in load impedance which under steady
unwanted distance relay element operation during power swing . The main
purpose of the PSB function is to differentiate between power faults and power
swings, and block distance or other relay elements from operations during a
power swing.
10
Zone 3
Zone 2
Power swing
locus
Zone 1
Transit
time
Protection Schemes
S/Stn 1
Time
S/Stn 2
Relay
A
Zone 3
Zone 2
Relay
B
Relay
C
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 1
Relay
D
Zone 3
Zone 3
Zone 3
Zone 3
S/Stn 3
Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 1
Zone 3
PROTECTION SCHEMES
Operation of the Time Stepped Distance Protection may be improved by the use
of additional Scheme Logic
REACH EXTENSION
BLOCKING OVER-REACH
S/Stn 1
Relay
A
S/Stn 2
Relay
B
Relay
C
S/Stn 3
Relay
D
Time
Trip
Zone 1 Ext
Distance
Reclose
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Distance
SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS
Instantaneous trip if
Zone 1 Operation
S/Stn 1
Relay
A
S/Stn 2
Signalling Channel
Relay
B
Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip
Time
Relay
C
Zone 2
Time Delayed Trip
Distance
Zone 1
Zone 2
Distance
SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS
Zone 1 Operation
Relay
A
S/Stn 2
Signalling Channel
Relay
B
Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip
Time
Relay
C
Zone 2
Time Delayed Trip
Distance
Zone 2
Zone 2 Instantaneous
Zone 1
Distance
BLOCKING SCHEME
Operation of Zone 4 sends blocking signal to remote end
Instantaneous trip if
Zone 1 Operation
SIGNALLING CHANNEL
REQUIRED BETWEEN
ENDS
S/Stn 1
Relay
A
S/Stn 2
Signalling Channel
Relay
B
Relay
C
Zone 2
Carrier
Aided
Trip
Time
Distance
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 4 - Blocking
Distance
BLOCKING
Increased dependability because if the carrier fails,
the protection will trip anyway.
PERMISSIVE
Increased security because if the communication
fails, the protection will not trip high speed.
21
AUTORECLOSING
AUTORECLOSE SEQUENCE
Zone 1 Fault
Carrier Aided Trip
AR Start
AR
Sequence
Start
Start
Dead Time
Autoreclose
Lockout
AUTORECLOSER
IDLE
Fault ReStrikes
Close
Pulse
Width
Check Close
Conditions
Check
Sync
Timer
CB Not Closed
Autoreclose
Successful
Start
Reclaim
Time
Issue Close
Pulse
CB Closed
Thank you