PUPILS EFFORT IN LEARNING

OF SCIENCE-STYLES & PRACTICE

BY
FATHIMA.S

STUDENT CENTERED
LEARNING
This broadly encompasses methods
of teaching that shift the focus of
instruction from the teacher to the
student.
Student-centered learning theory
and practice are based on
constructivist learning approach.
This emphasizes the learners critical
role in constructing meaning from
new information and prior

Pupil-centered learning
methods
1. Project method individual, group
2. Inquiry method
3. Heuristic method
4. Constructivist learning strategies
5. Collaborative learning
6. Co-operative learning
7. Debate
8. Role play
9. Programmed instrution
10.Individual learning strategies- CAi,PSI,modular
learning

PROJECT METHOD
According to Stevenson, project is a
problematic act carried to completion in its
natural setting.
It promotes cooperative activity and group
interaction.
It is a democratic way of learning
Provide opportunity to develop keenness
&accuracy of observation.
It helps to widen the mental horizon of
pupils.

 INQUIRY METHOD
In this method, class rooms are open
systems where students are
encouraged to search and make use
of resources beyond class & school.
In this student centered approach,
teacher act as facilitator.
focused on asking questions
Teachers are encouraged to avoid
giving answers.

HEURISTIC METHOD
Heuristic method is a method to provide
training in method, knowledge is secondary.
Key word is discovery.
Pupil work and think themselves & makes
them more expect, truthful observant &
thoughtful.
Helps to develop all domains
Pupils become self dependent, self reliant
& self confident.

CONSTRUCTIVIST LEARNING
STRATEGIES
Constructivist teaching fosters critical thinking, and
creates motivated and independent learners.
This theoretical framework holds that learning always
builds upon knowledge that a student already knows;
this prior knowledge is called aschema.
creating opportunities for students to explore their ideas
and to test their robustness in explaining phenomena,
accounting for events and making prediction;
providing stimuli for students to develop, modify and
where necessary, change their ideas and views
supporting their attempts to re-think and reconstruct
their ideas and views.

COLLABORATIVE
LEARNING
Cooperative learning aids in the development of
important communication skills and scientific
thinking processes.
Workers need to be able to think creatively, solve
problems, and make decisions as a team.
it was insisted that every group member must be
given an opportunity to contribute his or her ideas.
After that the group will arrive at a solution.
According to Slavin (1989), for effective
collaborative learning, there must be "group goals"
and "individual accountability

CO-OPERATIVE LEARNING
Cooperative Learning has been proven to be
effective for all types of students, including
academically gifted, and mainstream students
because it promotes learning and fosters respect
and friendships among diverse groups of students
Cooperative learning improves students thinking
and helps them construct their own understanding
of science content by strengthening and extending
their knowledge of the topic.
Cooperative learning aids in the development of
important communication skills and scientific
thinking processes

DEBATE
It nurtures students critical thinking
skills & awareness of thought, and
ability to share view points with others.
Role play used to learn subject matter
through demonstration.
It is an easy way to get the concept
Also deals with contemporary issues
of society.

ROLE PLAY

KELLNER METHOD ????

PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Self instructional technique for providing
individualized instruction to the learner.
The subject matter is presented by breaking
into small steps in a logical sequence.
Learner progresses in his own pace.
PI materials are costly.
Development of PI requires expert
knowledge &training.

INDIVIDUALISED LEARNING STRATEGIES

1. Computer assisted instruction [CAI]
It is used in problem solving.
computers are used in the instructional process.
2. MODULAR LEARNING
. The program is made up of a number of sequential modules so that you can enter at
the level best suited for you and then progress as far as you want to go into
subsequent modules:
There are three main entry level ;
Personal Level - gain the skills to explore, understand and change issues in your
daily personal an work life (including performance, fitness, etc.),
Professional Level - develop your skills and integrate them into your existing work,
teaching, practice, etc.,
Certification Level - become a teacher of LearningMethods and/or Anatomy of
Wholeness*

SINCERE THANKS TO
Dr.K.Y.BENEDICT
&
MANJULA.R.S