Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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STANDARD CONTENTS
Department of General
Studies, 2008
MUQADDIMAH
Worldview is an English translation of
DEFINITIONS
A set of attitudes on a wide range of
fundamental matters.
A comprehensive set of propositions
about various aspects of the world.
A unified and comprehensive view of the
world around us and mans place within
it.
4
IMPACT OF WORLDVIEW
1. Helps us to know peoples and their cultures.
2. Helps us to interact with nature, individuals,
his/her death?
Is there God? What are His
attributes?
What is good and what is bad?
How can one know the good and
the bad?
How should one treat others?
How is knowledge obtained?
11
Prophethood;
Gods Creation;
Man and the psychology of human soul
13
Knowledge;
Religion
Freedom;
Values and virtues;
Hereafter
And happiness.
14
16
through
a
historical
process
of
philosophical speculation and scientific
discovery, which must of necessity be left
vague and open-ended for future change
and alteration in line with paradigms that
change in correspondence with changing
circumstances.
It is not a worldview that undergoes a
dialectical process of transformation
repeated through the ages, from thesis to
anti-thesis then synthesis
17
19
Classification of Worldview
Worldview
Religious
Mythological
Non-religious
Philosophical
Scientific
20
Scientific worldview
It is based on the premises and findings of
science,
Science is the source of all explanations
pertaining to the issues of creation, life, men,
and other issues
Based on 4 important foundations:
Materialism, logical positivism, empiricism,
skepticism
21
22
25
to
produce
industries,
sciences
and
technologies. It opened many ways for human
mind to exploit nature and discover its laws.
27
30
Philosophical worldview
It derives from philosophy and it means to
32
Main Characteristics
It is more comprehensive than the scientific
33
36
Religious worldview
There is a universal spirit, god, deity or divine
entity
This divinity has established an eternal moral
order that, in part at least, can be known to
human beings
People have the duty to follow eternal moral
dictates
This human conduct has long-term (beyond
individual death) significance.
38
Myths
The word mythology (from the Greek mythologa,
(31 :" )
When our Signs are rehearsed to them, they say: we have
heard this (before): if we wished, we could say (words)
like these: these are nothing but tales of the ancients.
41
"
(8283- : " )
They say: What! When we die
and become dust and bones,
could we really be raised up
again? Such things have been
promised to us and to our fathers
before! They are nothing but
tales of the ancients!
42
Postmodernism
It is a trend to shift modern
paradigm to a
new paradigm which is called postmodernism.
Belief that individuals are merely constructs
of social forces, that there is no transcendent
truth that can be known; a rejection of any
one worldview or explanation of reality as well
as a rejection of the reality of objective truth.
43
44
45
46
5. Total Doubt
6. Multiplicities of truth, ethnicities, cultures
7. Equal representation for class gender sexual
orientation
48
Secularism
The English word secular derives from the
Components of
secularization
Disenchantment of nature
freeing of nature from its religious
Desacralization of politics
No one rules by divine right.
Significant political and social
52
Materialism
Materialism is a theory that physical matter
Materialism
54
55
56
57
me about ihsan.
: al-Iman
The word mn, derived as it is from amn and
61
There are four basic meanings for the word islam (as submission),
ranging from the broadest to the narrowest:
1. The natural submission of all creatures to the Law of Allah:
""
Do they seek for other than the religion of Allah? while all
creatures in the heavens and on earth have, willing or unwilling,
bowed to his will (accepted Islam), and to him shall they all be
brought back. (3: 83)
2. The voluntary submission of human beings to the guidance of
Allah as revealed through His messengers (3:85;
"
If anyone seeks a religion other than al-Islam, never will it be
accepted of him; and in the Hereafter he will be in the ranks of
those who have lost (all spiritual good). (3: 85)
62
"
This day have I perfected your religion for you,
completed my favor upon you, and have chosen for you
Islam as your religion. (5: 3)
Only the third of these can properly be translated as Islam
(with capital i i.e. Islam the proper name of the true and
only religion acceptable to Allah S.W.T.
63
As its root word indicates (s-l-m), Islam brings peace to ones soul, mind
and body, because it will lead the person who embraces it to return to
his/her true nature (fitrah). Hence, Islam is the religion of fitrah and
peace (salam)
Every Muslim has to utter salam at least 5 times a day
"
(This will be) their cry therein: "Glory to thee, O Allah!"
And "Peace" will be their greeting therein! And the close
of their cry will be: "Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and
Sustainer of the Worlds!" (10:10)
64
"
"
But Allah does call to the home of peace;
He does guide whom He pleases to a path
that is straight. (10: 25)
""
They shall not hear therein vain or sinful
discourses. Only the saying: Peace, Peace
(56:25-26).
Muslims
are
enjoined
to
enter
into
peace
wholeheartedly:
"
"
O ye who believe! enter into Islam whole heatedly;
and follow not the footsteps of the evil one; for he is to
you an avowed enemy. (2: 208)
al-Ihsan
67
.(7-32:6)
Just as Allah has created everything in a
perfect manner and has made everything
beautiful, including human beings, as stated
in this verse, so must we imitate Him in doing
what is good and beautiful particularly in
relation to Allah as well as to fellow creatures.
When we do Ihsan and become Muhsinun, we
(29:69)
(4:125)
Taqwa ()
And make provision for yourself; the best
provision is taqwa". (Quran, 2:197).
72
73
Main Characteristics of
Islam
Comprehensiveness
Universality
Moderation/Balance
74
God
Comprehensiveness
It covers all aspects of life
It deals with spiritual and material aspects,
76
77
God
God
Hereafter
Hereafter
Vicegerency
Vicegerency
(History/
(History/
Culture/
Culture/
Civilization)
Civilization)
Universe
Universe
Existence
Existence
of Seen & Unseen
of Seen & Unseen
Worlds
Worlds
Life
Life
Man
Man
Truth
Truth
Prophet
Hood
Prophet
Hood
78
Universality
Islam is not meant only for a particular
a
of
79
80
81
But seek, with the (wealth) which Allah has
bestowed on thee, the Home of the Hereafter,
nor forget thy portion in this world: but do thou
good, as Allah has been good to thee, and seek
not (occasions for) mischief in the land: for
Allah loves not those who do mischief." (28: 77)
82
THE ELEMENTS OF
ISLAMIC WORLDVIEW
85
Tawhid in Rububiyyah
This category is based on the fundamental concept
Allah created all things and He Is the agent on
which all things depend.
(al-Zumar 39:62)
And Allaah created you all and whatever you
do
(al-Saffat 37:96)
87
Tawhid in Uluhiyyah
It is the belief in the unity of Allah's worship. He is
(al-Ibadah)
alone by pointing out that this was the main purpose of man's
creation and the essence of the message brought by all the
prophets.
Allah says:
""
90
91
92
Shirk
The study of Tawhid cannot be considered complete
94
Shirk in Rububiyyah
This category of Shirk refers to either the
the
various
philosophies and ideologies which deny the
existence of God either explicitly or implicitly. That
is, in some cases God's non-existence is stated
(Atheism), while in other cases His existence is
claimed, but the way in which He is conceived
actually denies His existence (Pantheism).
97
Shirk in al-Ibadah
In this category of Shirk, acts of worship are
98
101
102
Kufr
Kafara literally means to cover, to hide
103
104
THE CONCEPT OF
SUNNATULLAH
Sunnah here means pathway; it
105
The
106
108
Second;
109
However,
110
Kinds of Sunnatullah
Sunnatullah is categorized based on two
111
1. Sunnatullah
112
113
Standards
114
115
Characteristics of
Sunnatullah
1. Generality
2. Permanence
3. Predictability
4. Exactness
5. Diversity
116
]43 : ]
117
Manifestations of Sunnatullah in
Nature
God created nature and then assigned to each
118
) (9
) (10
) (11
)(12
)(
119
120
121
) (37
) (38
) (39
)(40
122
124
Manifestations of Sunnatullah in
Human Nature &
History/Civilization
( 137 : )
Many were the sunnan (Ways of Life) that
have passed away before you: travel through
the earth, and see what was the end of those
who rejected Truth. (3:137)
125
)
( 44 : ( )
Then sent We our messengers in succession:
every time there came to a people their
messenger, they accused him of falsehood: so
We caused them to follow one another (to
disaster) and We made them as a tale (that is
told): So away with a people that will not
believe! (23:44)
126
) (200
)(202
) (201
127
) (18
) (19
) (20
)(21
129
) (123
)(124
131
132
) (39
)(40
133
134
NUBUWWAH
(PROPHETHOOD)
Nubuwwah
The centrality of prophethood is evident
137
The Meaning of
Prophethood
Nubuwwah ( )is usually translated as
Muslim theologians
ordinary experience.
as
something
out
of
138
139
140
141
142
Khatam nubuwwah
When
143
144
It is He who has sent to the illiterate a Messenger
145
might
have
called
for
an
external
intervention may be classified into three
ascending categories of importance: (1) what
reason can generally discover/solve; (2) what
reason can discover/solve but may err; (3)
and what falls beyond rational ambit
146
147
148
"
"
What sort of a messenger is this, who eats
"
"
Why are not the angels sent down to us, or
150
"
151
152
153
154
155
156
"
157
158
159
Legislator
It can be an independent source of Law. The
"
So take what the Messenger assigns to you,
and deny yourselves that which he withholds from
you. And fear Allah; for Allah is strict in
Punishment. [al-hashr (59): 7].
160
"(157 : " )
He (The Prophet) allows them as lawful what
161
"
"
Ye have indeed in the Messenger of Allah uswah
hasanah (beautiful pattern of conduct) for any one
whose hope is in Allah and the Final day, and who
engages much in the praise of Allah. [al-Ahzab (33):
21]
162
163
"
"
The
phenomenon
distorted
and altered in and
the world, and
consequently it is essential to accept the purity of
universality
of prophethood
their original foundation.
The Quran says:
There have been many religions which have been
"
"
"
"
Messenger. (16:36)
167
"
"
According to the Quranic narration, the human race began
from one man: Adam (peace be upon him) from whom the
family of man grew and the human race multiplied [4:1].
0, being the first man on earth, was also the first prophet of
God (p.b.u.h.).
168
"
"
(to every people (was sent) a messenger)
[10:47],
"
"
(and there never was a people, without a
warner having lived among them (in the past).)
[35:24].
169
171
172
"
"
We inspire thee as We inspired Noah and the
prophets after him, as We inspired Abraham and
Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the tribes, and
Jesus and Job and Jonah and Aaron and Solomon,
and as We imparted unto David the Psalms. Of some
messengers We have already told thee the story; of
others We have not;- and to Moses Allah spoke
)direct (4:163-164
173
"
"
;We did in times past send Messengers before you
of them there are some whose stories We have
related to you, and some whose story We have not
related
to
you.
)(40:78
"
"
We believe in Allah, and the revelation given to us,
"
"
It is not (possible) that a man, to whom is given
the Book, and Wisdom, and the prophetic office,
should say to people: "Be ye my worshippers rather
than Allah's": on the contrary (He would say) "Be ye
worshippers of Him Who is truly the Cherisher of
all: For ye have taught the Book and ye have
studied it earnestly. Nor would he instruct you to
take angels and prophets for Lords and patrons.
What! would he bid you to unbelief after ye have
bowed your will (To Allah in Islam)? " (3:79-80)
175
176
177
178
advent
of
Prophet
179
Islamic
faith, along with belief in God, His angels, His
Books, and His Messengers, Divine Decree and
Predestination. After the doctrine of tawhid and
Revelation, al-Akhirah is the most repeated
theme with all vigour in the Qur`n.
All of the teachings of Islam would crumble if the
afterlife or the eternal life were to be denied. It is
therefore incomplete and indeed impossible to
discuss the teachings of Islam without referring to
the great significance that al-Akhirah possesses,
not only for mans final end but also for his life in
this world .
180
181
Al-Akhirah,
in
Islamic
belief
system,
specifically refers to the Hereafter. It signifies
both the other and ultimate state of
existence in the world to come and the life of
everlasting duration, and the good or
blessing of the ultimate state of the other
world. In both senses, it is opposed to alDuny, which means the here-and-now of
life and immediate and transient values.
182
183
185
186
187
188
or
the
final
accounting was an idea which the
secular Makkan pagans found
very hard to accept. In fact,
besides the doctrines of Tawhid
(monotheism/Oneness of God)
and of Revelation itself, this
doctrine was the most difficult for
them to accept.
189
"
They say: "What! when we are reduced to bones
and dust, should we really be raised up (to be) a
new creation?" Say: Become stones or iron. Or
created matter which, in your minds, is hardest (to
be raised up),- (Yet shall ye be raised up)!" then will
they say: "Who will cause us to return?" Say: "He
who created you first!" Then will they wag their
heads towards thee, and say, "When will that be?"
Say, "May be it will be quite soon! (17:49-51)
190
"
We shall set up scales of justice for the Day
of Resurrection, so that not a soul will be dealt
with unjustly in the least, and if there be (no
more than) the weight of a mustard seed, We
will bring it (to account): and enough are We to
take account.(21:47; see also 10:61; 31:16)
193
194
195
"
"
196
197
Thirdly,
disputes,
dissensions,
and
conflicts of human orientations must be
finally resolved.
"
"
Say:
"
"
Those who believe [Muslims], and the Jews and the
For this, the Qur`n often refers to that Day The Day of
200
201
Individual Benefits
At individual level, it gives man a unique
in
al-Akhirah
also
provides
psychological benefit to an individual.
203
205
206
Social Benefits
A society composed of such individuals who
207
208
It
209
benefits.
Enamoured with his vast potentialities and
tremendous material achievements, man can
do many things virtue and vice,
commendable and abominable simply
because he can do them. This attitude will
lead to irresponsible subjugation of nature,
amounting to unsustainable development.
210
211
212
214
216
219
"
"
And certainly We created man of an extract of
clay; Then We placed him as (a drop of) sperm in
a place of rest, firmly fixed; Then We made the
sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that
clot We made a (foetus) lump; then we made out
of that lump bones and clothed the bones with
flesh; then we developed out of it another
creature. So blessed be Allah, the best to create!
(Quran 23:12-14.)
220
Evolution
The way in which living things change and
222
Different
branches
of
science
like
biochemistry, genetics, and paleontology have
demonstrated that the claims that life
originated as a result of "coincidences" is
deceptive.
Man is Gods creature just like other created
beings. But these creatures have been made
subservient to him.
223
other creatures:
"
We have honoured the sons of Adam; provided
them with transport on land and sea; given
them for sustenance things good and pure; and
conferred on them special favours, above a
great part of our creation. (Quran 17: 70).
226
Khilfah
Amnah
227
"
"
It is He Who has made you (His) agents,
inheritors of the earth: He has raised you in
ranks, some above others: that He may try
you in the gifts He has given you: for your
Lord is quick in punishment: yet He is indeed
Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful. (Al-Anam, 6: 165)
228
Meaning of Khalifah
Khalifah means:
One who exercises delegated power on
229
"
"
"
"
When thy Lord drew forth from the Children of
Adam from loins-their descendants, and made
them testify concerning themselves, (saying): Am
I not your Lord (who cherishes and sustains
you)?-They said: Yea! We do testify! (This), lest
ye should say on the Day of Judgment: Of this we
were never mindful. [al-Araf (7): 172].
233
235
237
Responsibilities of a
Khalifah
Social responsibilities
Economic responsibilities
Political responsibilities
Religious responsibilities
238
239
The
it
The
third
meaning
of
Globalization
is
comprehensive: All forces which are turning the
world into a global village, compressing distance,
homogenizing culture, accelerating mobility and
reducing the relevance of political borders. Under
this comprehensive definition, Globalization is the
gradual villagization of the world.
241
242
Positive Aspects of
Globalization
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has helped to
New
communications
and
information
technology
have
helped
disseminate
knowledge in many fields of study and
disciplines.
243
another.
Communities
although
heterogeneous, can be more cooperative
now that are more means of understanding
each other.
Globalization
244
Negative Aspects of
Globalization
Environmental degradation due to unrestrained
logging activities of transnational corporations
whose sole aim is to multiply profits.
Advances
Globalization
Global
consumerism
is
now
forming
a
homogeneous global culture where indigenous
cultures of the South are being replaced by
Western cultures.
Formal
248
Extremism
Extremism literal means:
being situated at the farthest possible point
from the centre;
going to great or exaggerated lengths;
exceeding the ordinary, usual, or expected.
Figuratively, it indicates a similar remoteness in
249
250
2. I'tida':
"
"
190:((
251
3. Israf:
It
( )
()
253
Historical Background of
Extremism
Extremism is not a new phenomenon, it
Al-Khawarij
They are the ones who set out to kill Ali bin Abi Talib
Al-Murjiah
They believe that actions are deferred from Iman (al-
Manifestations of extremism
1. Bigotry and intolerance
2. Commitment to excessiveness and
257
concluding thoughts,
Lack of knowledge of the statements of
the scholars and their legacies,
Lack of knowledge of Arabic language and
its rhetoric,
Lack of historical knowledge,
Ignorance of the reality and environment,
Ignorance of the different levels of people
and the difference in approach.
261
and Hadith,
Failure to understand comprehensively
Reinterpreting the texts,
Taking directly from the texts, without proper
background
Following the equivocal evidences
Failure to reconcile seemingly contradictory
evidences,
Lack of objectivity
Making ijtihad while not being qualified to do so.
262
263
Liberalism
Liberalism a political philosophy based on
264
Liberal
265
denounced by many
Muslims.
The proponents of Liberal
Islam has been called by so
many names including
Secularists and Apostates.
267
269