8 Goldmanapplination 140220235406 Phpapp01

TONOMETRY
H.Kangari O.D.
Different technique in measurement of the

Intra Ocular Pressure(IOP):
Goldmann Applination Tonometry
Perkins Tonometer
Non-Contact Tonometry
Digital Evaluation
TONOMETRY/H.KangariO.D.
Goldmann Applination Tonometry is the

most accurate method of measuring
Intraocular Pressure.
Measuring the intraocular pressure is
important in diagnosis and management
of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension.
CONTRAINDICATIONS TO IOP
MEASUREMENT WITH GOLDMAN
TECHNIQUE
1)Active Infection
2)Patients with recurrent corneal erosions
3) Corneal abrasions that are not totally
healed
The Intraocular
Pressure is
determined by the
amount of force
required to flatten a
constant corneal
surface area
Major components of the tonometer
1)Contact Prism
2)Contact Probe
3)Housing
4)Calibrated
measuring drum
5)Tonometer Arm
CHECKING THE INSTRUMENT
To calibrate the instrument a control weight bar is

used. Only a trained technician can calibrate the
tonometer.
To grossly check the calibration:
Turn the measuring drum below zero (the arm should
move backward)
Then turn the measuring drum past the zero mark and
the arm should move forward.
The arm should move in the same degree in both
direction, above and below the zero mark.
10
PROBE STERILAZATION
Always clean the tonometer probe before and

after each use.
Remove the probe from contact holder (hold the
arm before you remove the probe)
Wet a tissue with alcohol and apply to probe in a
circular fashion for 5 seconds.
Rinse the probe with Saline Solution and blot dry
with a tissue.
11
PROBE STERILAZATION
OR insert the probe into Hydrogen
Peroxide 3% for 5 to 10 minutes.
Rinse the probe with Saline Solution and
blot dry with a tissue.
12
CLEANING & STERILIZING THE

PROBE
some factors to be considered such as the following:
(1) 3% H2O2 will ruin the probes in a short period of time and if not properly
dried can cause marked pain and a secondary anterior uveitis that is very
difficult to resolve. Minimum of 5 minutes maximum of 10 minutes.
(2) 70% Isopropyl alcohol will also destroy the probes and if not properly
dried can also cause marked pain and a secondary anterior uveitis that is
very difficult to resolve.
When Using Either Of The Above Recommended Procedures Make Sure
You Always Rinse The Probe Thoroughly With Saline Solution Then Dry It
Completely Before Using It On The Patient's Eye. Never Leave The Probe
In The Hydrogen Peroxide For Longer Than 10 Minutes.
13
Hold the arm, while

inserting the probe.
ALIGN the probe- if the
patient has less than 3.00
D of astigmatism, position
the probe so that the
patients minus cylinder
axis is aligned with the
WHITE LINE on the prism
holder.
14
ALIGN the probe- if the

patient has greater than
3.00 D of astigmatism,
position the probe so that
the patients minus cylinder
axis is aligned with the RED
LINE on the prism holder.
KEEP in mind, as you rotate

the probe according to
cylinder axis the mires will
tilt with the direction of axis.
15
PATIENT PREPARATION
After you have completed a full refractive, binocular

and slit lamp evaluation proceed to tonometry.
Anesthetize the cornea. Inform the patient that you
are going to put a drop in their eye which will burn
and their lids will feel heavy afterwards.
Place a drop of Tetracaine 0.5% in each eye
Wet a strip of fluorescein with sterile saline and
place it is superior or inferior bulbar conjunctiva.
16
Position the patient comfortably at slit

lamp.
With the COBALT BLUE filter scan the
cornea
Place the measuring drum at 10 mmHg
Use Low Magnification
17
Give proper instructions to the patient:

I want you to keep your forehead and Chin in
the rest all the time. I want you to look at this
point ( based on the eye being tested give an
appropriate place for the patient to look at ).
Keep your eyes open as wide as you can and try
not to blink. I am going get close to your eye with
this blue light.
18
APPLINATION
From the outside instrument get as close as
you can to the cornea and center the probe
on the cornea.
If you now look in through the microscope,
you will see two faint blue mires (semi circles)
If you dont see this, AGAIN center the probe
from the outside of the instrument.
19
When you see two faint mires, move in the

instrument with the joy stick to touch the
cornea.
When you touch the cornea, the mires will
turn fluorescent green.
20
If semicircles move freely with the rotation

of the measuring drum, the initial contact
is correct.
21
The width and height

of two rings must be
equal and centered in
the field of view.
Rotate the measuring
drum, until the inner
borders of two
semicircles just touch.
22
Back off the tonometer and read the pressure

from the measuring drum.
The scales of measuring drum is marked
from 0-8 grams of force. To convert to
mmHg, multiply the result by 10.
After completion of the procedure, reevaluate
the corneal integrity with cobalt blue light.
23
Correct position of
mires when
measuring the IOP
24
If this is the left eye,

the contact of the
probe is too much to
temporal side.
Move the probe to
nasal side
25
Top mire is superiorly

positioned.
The probe contact is too
inferior.
Move the probe
superiorly.
26
The contact is too

low.
Move the instrument
upward.
27
28
29
Inappropriate contact
The instrument has been
moved too much toward
the patient.
The mires will not move
by changing the drum.
Move backward and
reapplinate.
30
Mires are too thin.

Add more flourescein.
31
After applination, this

type of staining is
indicate of applying
too much force.
32
DIURNAL VARIATION
Generally, the variation in intraocular pressure over a 24 hour

period is considered to be 3 to 5 mmHg with the highest
readings being about (6:00 a.m.).
However, there is recent evidence that known glaucoma
patient's highest pressure findings are in the afternoon.
Therefore, it would be best to monitor any questionable
patients. Take diurnal pressure measurements during the day
looking for any pressure spikes with variations greater than 5
mmHg. Example: 14 mmHg O.U. @ 8:30 a.m. and 21 mmHg
O.U. @ 3:30 p.m. is diagnostic.
Differences in pressure readings between the two eyes of 3
mmHg or more must be questioned, this is not normal.
33
Latest information:
Intraocular pressures (IOP) following Laser In Situ Keratomileusis

(LASIK) and Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) are
underestimated.
It depends on the patient's Pre-Op refractive prescription and how
much tissue needs to be removed. There is about 10 microns of
tissue removed per diopter of refractive error. A patient with a
refractive error of 3 diopters of myopia will have approximately 30
microns of tissue removed. For this patient the IOP findings would
be underestimated by about 2mm Hg and more for higher refractive
errors. This underestimation has been reported for Goldmann
applanation tonometry. It is an important new finding and appears to
be related to changes in corneal thickness. This might help explain
normal tension glaucoma where these patients may have thinner
corneas.
34
PERKINS TONOMETER
For patients with physical constraints who

cannot be positioned in the slit lamp or
bedriden patients Perkins tonometer (a
hand held tonometer can be used)
35
36
DIGITAL INTRAOCULAR
PRESSURE ASSESSMENT
This technique is used in those individual,
where the slit-mounted instrument or the handheld tonometer cannot be used.
In very young children, extremely anxious
patient or developmentally delayed individuals.
The firmness of the globe is subjectively
evaluated as soft, meduim, or hard. The
harder the globe the higher the IOP.
37
Digital IOP assessment is contraindicated

for eyes with a recent history of blunt
trauma, penetrating ocular injury, or
intraocular surgery.
Sedation might be recommended for more
accurate measurement of the pressure.
38
Ask the patient to look

down and gently rest
the tip of the fingers
on the center of the
upperlid
39
Indent the globe

slightly with one finger
tip.
The opposite fingertip
will rebound slightly
40
NON-CONTACT TONOMETER
41
42
43
44

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TONOMETRY

Different technique in measurement of the

Goldmann Applination Tonometry is the

Major components of the tonometer

CHECKING THE INSTRUMENT

To calibrate the instrument a control weight bar is

Always clean the tonometer probe before and

CLEANING & STERILIZING THE

some factors to be considered such as the following:

Hold the arm, while

ALIGN the probe- if the

KEEP in mind, as you rotate

After you have completed a full refractive, binocular

Position the patient comfortably at slit

Give proper instructions to the patient:

When you see two faint mires, move in the

If semicircles move freely with the rotation

The width and height

Back off the tonometer and read the pressure

If this is the left eye,

Top mire is superiorly

The contact is too

Mires are too thin.

After applination, this

Generally, the variation in intraocular pressure over a 24 hour

Intraocular pressures (IOP) following Laser In Situ Keratomileusis

For patients with physical constraints who

Digital IOP assessment is contraindicated

Ask the patient to look

Indent the globe

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