PRESENTATION ON

INDUSTRIAL SUMMER TRAINING

(JUNE-JULY 2015)

SOLID STATE PHYSICS LABORATORY

DEFENCE R&D ORGANISATION
MINISTRYOF DEFENCE
SUBMITTED BY
KATHURIA

: UTKARSH

BRANCH
: ECE- A
ENROLLMENT NO. : 13520802812

ABOUT THE ORGANISATION

Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL), one of the
establishments
under
the
Defense
R&D
Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defense, was
established in 1962 with the broad objective of
developing an R&D base in the field of Solid State
Materials, Devices and Sub-systems. It is the
Public Service Broadcaster of the country.
Dr. RK Sharma, Outstanding Scientisthas
taken over as Director SSPL w.e.f. April 01, 2015.

 The major activities at sspl include development

of semi-conductor materials, solid state devices,
electronic
components/sub-systems
and
investigation of solid state materials/devices.
Over the years, the Laboratory has developed
core competence in the following areas:

Design & Development of

GaAs based Microwave devices and circuits
IR devices
Ferrite components
SAW devices & sensors
MEMs components
Materials Development & Characterization

GOALS
Developing an underwater communication system
using hydrophone.

INTRODUCTION
Underwater
wireless
communication
is the
communication is
the wireless communication in which
acoustic
signals carry
digital information through an underwater channel.
Electromagnetic waves are not used as they
propagate over
short distances. Over the past decades, heavy cables
were used
to establish a high speed communication between
remote end
and the surface . To overcome
such difficulties,
underwater
wireless communication has come into existence.

NECESSITY OF UNDERWATER
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Wired underwater is not feasible in all situations as
shown below-:
Temporary experiments
Breaking of wires
Significant cost of deployment
Experiment over long distances.
To cope up with above situations, we require
underwater wireless
communication.

FACTORS INFLUENCING ACOUSTIC

COMMUNICATION
Path loss: Due to attenuation and geometric spreading.
Noise: Man-made noise and ambient noise (due to
hydrodynamics)
Multi-path propagation
High propagation delay
Doppler frequency spread.

HYDROPHONE
Hydrophone (Greek hydro = water and phone =
sound) is a
microphone designed to be used underwater for
recording or
listening to underwater sound.

 A Hydrophone is a device which will listen to, or

pick up, the acoustic energy underwater, converts
acoustic energy into electrical energy.
Most Hydrophones are based on a piezoelectric
transducer that generates electricity when
subjected to a pressure changes underwater.
Hydrophones

are

usually

resonance frequency.

used

below

their

HOW DOES IT WORK?

Hydrophone device that receives underwater
sound waves and converts them to electrical
energy.
There are special computer
analyze these signals.

programs

that

Further these signals can be read on a meter or

played through a loud speaker

PRINCIPLE
The working principle is the piezoelectric effect.
Hydrophones are being
piezoelectric transducers.

embedded

with

these

These transducer converts changes in water pressure

into an electrical form.

PIEZOELECTRIC PROCESS
Materials which generate an electric potential in
response to mechanical stress are considered to be
piezoelectric materials. Such materials will also
change shape when an electric field is applied
tothem.

Figure : A schematic diagram which shows a sample of piezoelectric

material (gray) being subject to stress (arrows); the resultant voltage is
registered on the volt meter.

ADVANTAGES
Hydrophones does not require a power source as they convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy. Although other
devices such as underwater cameras need a power source.
Under water cameras are not as accurate as hydrophones
because underwater cameras must be kept in air tight
container.

DISADVANTAGES
Hydrophones can only listen to sound and pressure differences.
Hydrophones are limited in their ability to distinguish between
multiple objects or natural phenomenon and artificial noise.
Set up requires time and space.

CONCLUSION
Despite much development in this area of the underwater wireless
communication, there is still an immense scope so more research as
major part of the ocean bottom yet remains unexploded. The main
objective is to overcome the present limitation and implement
advanced technology for oceanographic research and cope up with
the environmental effects on the noise performance of acoustic
systems
to
compete with
the
future
challenges
like
effective
transmission of audio and video signals etc.

THANK YOU