DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : B.V.Lakshmana Rao
Designation : Head of Section
Branch
: Chemical Engineering
Institute
: J.N.Govt Polytechnic, Hyderabad
Year/Semester
: VII Semester
Subject
: Thermodynamics & Reaction
Engineering
Subject Code
: CH 702
Topic
: Introduction-First Law of thermodynamic &
Volumetric
properties of pure fluids (18/18)
Duration
: 50 min
Sub -Topic
: First Law of Thermodynamics
Teaching Aids
: PPT, Animations, Photographs
CH-702.2

Objectives
On the completion of this period you would be able
to
Define internal Energy & Enthalpy.
Define specific heat and Heat capacity.
Know First law of thermodynamics.
Derive the Expression of first law of thermodynamics
for a closed system.

CH-702.2

Fig-1: Internal Energy of Molecule

Fig-2: Heat Capacity

Fig-3: Change of Enthalpy Measurement

CH-702.2

Internal Energy
The Internal energy of a substance (U) is the energy
of molecules making up the substance.
The addition of heat to a substance increases its
molecular activity.
Addition of heat to a substance increases internal
energy.

It has the units of Joule.

CH-702.2

Enthalpy

Enthalpy (H) is defined by the equation

H = U + PV
where

H = Enthalpy
P = Absolute Pressure
V = Volume
U = Internal Energy

Enthalpy has the units of Joule.

It is a State function.

CH-702.2

Heat Capacity & Specific Heat

Heat capacity of a substance is defined as the
quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of
a given mass by 10.

Heat capacity per unit mass is called specific heat .

Specific heat of water = 1 cal/g0c = 1 Btu/lbm0F

CH-702.2

Fig-4
CH-702.2

First Law of Thermodynamics

The statement of First law of Thermodynamics is as

follows:
Although energy assumes many forms, the total
quantity of energy is constant and when energy
disappears in one form it appears simultaneously in
other forms.

CH-702.2

First Law Of Thermodynamics To A Closed

System

In closed systems only internal energy change occur.

First law may written as
(Energy of the system) + (Energy of surroundings) = 0
(Energy of the system) = U + (KE) + (PE)
Where
U = Internal Energy Change
(KE) = Change in Kinetic Energy
(PE) = Potential Energy Change

CH-702.2

 (Energy of the System) = Q W

When Q = Heat added
W = Work extracted
Q is +ve when it is added to the system.
W is +ve when it is done by system.
U + KE + PE = Q W
For non flow process
U = Q W (... KE, PE are small)
For differential change
dU = dQ - dW

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10

For Closed System

Change in Internal Energy =
(Heat Added Work done by the System)

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11

Summary
We have discussed

Internal Energy, Enthalpy.

First law of thermodynamics and derivation to a closed

systems.

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12

Quiz
1. The units of Internal Energy is
a. Poise
b. Joule
c. Watt

2. Enthalpy is a ____________ function.

a. Path
b. State
c. None
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13

Questions
Define Internal Energy and Enthalpy?
Write the statement of First law of thermodynamics?
Apply first law of thermodynamics to a closed system and
derive an equation?

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14