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Pulmonary circuit
Delivers blood from the right
ventricle of the heart to the
lungs and from the lungs to
the left atrium of the heart
Systemic circuit
Delivers blood from the left
ventricle of the heart to the
rest of the body and collects
blood from the rest of the
body and delivers it to the
right atrium of the heart.
The Pericardium
Parietal Pericardium
Pericardial Cavity
Visceral Pericardium
Endocardium
inner layer
simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)
Myocardium
middle layer
cardiac muscle
Epicardium
outer layer
loose connective tissue
Right Atrium
Thin walled chambers that receive blood from superior
Left Atrium
Thin walled chambers that receive blood from
Right Ventricle
Thick walled chamber that receives blood from right
Left Ventricle
Thick walled chamber that receives blood from left
Chordae tendineae
Tendinous fibers attached to the cusps of AV valves
It attaches the cusps of atrioventricular valves to papillary
muscles
It prevents the AV valve from reversing into the atria as papillary
muscles contract
Right atria
receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava and
pumps it to the right ventricle through the tricuspid
valve
Right ventricle
receives blood from right atrium and pumps it toto the
pulmonary artery through the pulmonary semilunar
valve
Pulmonary artery -delivers the blood to the lungs
At the lungs gas exchange occurs
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the capillary and
carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary to the
alveoli.
Pulmonary Vein
after the gas exchange at the lungs, pulmonary
veins collect the blood and delivers it to the left
atrium.
Left atria
receives blood from pulmonary veins and pumps
it to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve
(mitral valve)
Left ventricle
receives blood from the left atria and pumps it to
the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve
Veins include
The great cardiac vein
anterior and posterior cardiac
veins
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
Coronary Circulation
Cardiac Physiology
The Heartbeat
ECG: Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiogram
An Electrocardiogram
Contractile cells
90mV
Action potential
Rapid depolarization
A plateau phase unique to cardiac muscle
Calcium channels remain open longer than the
sodium channels
Repolarization
Refractory period follows the action potential
AP in Cardiac Myocytes
Phase 0: Depolarization
An action potential triggered in a neighboring cardiomyocyte
or pacemaker cell causes the TMP to rise above 90 mV.
Fast Na+ channels start to open one by one
Na+ leaks into the cell, causing a rise in TMP.
Phase 3: Repolarization
Ca2+ channels are gradually inactivated.
Persistent outflow of K+, now exceeding Ca2+ inflow,
Cardiac Cycle
diastole
Systole: ventricular contraction
Diastole: ventricular relaxation
Cardiac Cycle
contraction).
excites the right atrium (RA), travels through Bachmanns bundle to excite left
atrium (LA).
The impulse travels through internodal pathways in RA to the atrioventricular
(AV) node.
AV node:
Lower wall of RA
Sends impulses into lower RA and LA
the impulse then travels through the bundle of His and down the bundle branches
fibers specialized for rapid transmission of electrical impulses, on either side
Heart Sounds
valves
S3 a faint sound associated with blood flowing
into the ventricles
Prominent in heart murmurs due to backflow of blood
contraction
Stroke volume
the volume of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction
Cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
Average heart pumps:
Males: 5.6 L/min
Females: 4.9 L/min.
CO = HR x SV
Bradycardia
slow heart rate; less than 60 beats / min
Tachycardia
rapid heart rate; more than 100 beats / min
Arrhythmias
abnormalities in rhythm
Ventricular Fibrillation
(ventricles contract at an extremely fast rate and are asynchronous; then stop
functioning; can be fatal; can be caused by massive heart attack or electric shock)
Autonomic Activity
Parasympathetic stimulation
Negative inotropic effect
Releases ACh
Cardioacceleratory center
activates sympathetic neurons what is the action sympathetics on the
heart?
Cardioinhibitory center
controls parasympathetic neurons what is the action of
Clinical View:
Types of Heart Valve Diseases
Aortic sclerosis
One in three elderly people have a heart murmur