Transmission & Switching System

2-Wire Circuit
Tx in both direction are carried on the same pair of wires
called as 2-Wire circuit
Application
For short distances
E.G Telephone set in our home connected with local
exchange office

CONT:

PB ?????

Four-Wire Circuit
A circuit which required separate channel for tx and
separate for rx called as 4-wire circuit
IT Cannot be connected directly to 2-wire
WHY???
A Hybrid Transformer is used to convert a 2-wire
circuit at the phone/terminal end to a 4-wire system in
the switching network:

The Concept and Implications of

two-wire (2W) to four-wire (4W)
conversion

2-W to 4-W Conversion (2)

Telephone Repeater System:
repeate
r
transm
it
2-wires

Amplifier or Regenerator

receive

2-wires

Hybrid

2-wires

Hybri
d

2-wires
receive

2-wires

2-wires

Amplifier

transm
it

Crosstalk:
A

Electromagnet
ic Induction

Telephone C hears
telephone B on a
different circuit.

2-W to 4-W Conversion (3)

Balance network has a balance impedance of ZB.
If ZB=ZLine then no reflection occur
If ZB ZLine then create sidetone.
sidetone
Reflections from the C.O. return to the station set.
Talker hears his/her own voice.
No sidetone makes the line feel dead and unnatural (IP
telephony often sounds like this since theres no sidetone).

Concept of Hybrid Return Loss

Echo return loss (ERL) = average attenuation of power reflected at the 2W-4W inte

Singing Return Loss (SRL) = minimum attenuation to reflected power at any frequ
coming back from the 2W-4W interface

Network Loss Planning

Stability or Oscillation Control: Singing
Manage reflections that can result if theres a poor
mismatch of the 2-wire line impedance and the hybrid
balance impedance.
Singing can result.

Echoes
Talker should not hear his/her own voice reflected back
(with a significant enough delay).

Stability
Long distance connections all have 2-W to 4-W to 2-W
conversion (as do most local connections).
If theres a poor mismatch of the 2-W line impedance
with the hybrid balance impedance, signal energy
passes across the hybrid reflecting from one 4-W
direction into the other.
transm
it
2-wires

Amplifier
2-wires

Hybri
d

Hybrid

2-wires

2-wires
receive

receive

2-wires

2-wires

Amplifier

transm
it

Reflection
(ZB ZL)

Stability (2)
Reflection at the hybrid re-inserts the signal with balance
return loss
loss (BRL or BS) into the return side of the 4-W loop.

BS 20 log10

ZB ZL
ZB ZL

Minimum return loss seen at

the hybrid in any frequency
in the voice-band

Additional 3+dB loss at hybrid when converting 4-W

signal to 2-W signal, and another 3+dB going from 2-W
to 4-W (6db total).
THL 3dB BS 3dB
Total trans-hybrid loss of returned signal:
Ideal loss
THL BS 6dB

THL BS 7dB

Loss in practice
(~3.5 db splitting loss)

Stability (3)
Net Gain of one side of 4-W loop
(total amplifier gain minus line losses)

3dB
BS+6dB
3dB

T
2-W to 2-W total attenuation

T 6dB G

Stability (4)
Total round-trip closed loop loss (singing margin):
margin

m 2( BS 6dB G )

m 2(T BS )

Stability margin define as max amount gain introduce

equally in both direction define as
M=B+T db
Otherwise, singing may result.
out of control runaway oscillation in the loop.

Echo-Delay Phenomena
If the reflection at the hybrid is strong enough, telephone
users will hear it.
Talker echo is when talker hears his/her own voice.
Listener echo is when listener hears talkers voice twice.

Talker

Listener
Be+6dB

Talker Echo:

Listener Echo:

Loss = Be + 2T

Loss = 2Be + 2T

Echo-Delay (2)
Recall Bs:
Balance Return Loss
Minimum return loss seen at any voice-band frequency

What is Be?
Hybrid Echo Return Loss
Average return loss in voice-band.
B(f)

Return Loss
at Frequency f

B ( f ) 20 log10

ZB ( f ) ZL ( f )
ZB ( f ) ZL ( f )

Be (echo)
BS (stability)

Frequency

Why Be and not BS?