FRIEDMAN TEST

AZHANI BINTI CHE IBRAHIM

GB140027

INTRODUCTION
The Friedman test is
Non parametric statistical test develop by the US economist Milton F
riedman
The non-parametric alternative to the one-way ANOVA with
repeated measures.

It is used to test for differences between groups when the

dependent variable being measured is ordinal.

It can also be used for continuous data that has violated the
assumptions necessary to run the one-way ANOVA with repeated
measures (e.g., data that has marked deviations from normality).

Friedman, Milton (March 1940). "A comparison of alternative tests of significance

for the problem of m rankings". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 11 (1): 8692.
doi:10.1214/aoms/1177731944. JSTOR 2235971.

 Nonparametric equivalent of the repeated

measures ANOVA
DV

IV

DV
DV

where DV is ordinal
data

or more DV

the ranks for each condition are summed and

compared.

 When you choose to analyse your data

using a Friedman test, part of the process
involves checking to make sure that the
data you want to analyse can actually be
analysed using a Friedman test.
You need to do this because it is only
appropriate to use a Friedman test if your
data "passes" the following four
assumptions:

Assumption #1: One group that is measured on three or more

different occasions.

Assumption #2: Group is a random sample from the population.

Assumption #3: Your dependent variable should be measured at the

ordinal or continuous level. Examples of ordinal variables include
Likert scales (e.g., a 7-point scale from strongly agree through to
strongly disagree), amongst other ways of ranking categories (e.g.,
a 5-point scale explaining how much a customer liked a product,
ranging from "Not very much" to "Yes, a lot"). Examples of
continuous variables include revision time (measured in hours),
intelligence (measured using IQ score), exam performance
(measured from 0 to 100), weight (measured in kg), and so forth.

Assumption #4: Samples do NOT need to be normally distributed.

 The Friedman test procedure in SPSS will not

test any of the assumptions that are required for
this test.
In most cases, this is because the assumptions
are a methodological or study design issue, and
not what SPSS is designed for.
In the case of assessing the types of variable
you are using, SPSS will not provide you with
any errors if you incorrectly label your variables
as nominal.

EXAMPLE:
A water company sought
evidence the measures taken to
clean up a river were effective.
Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
at 12 sites on the river were
compared before cleanup and 1
month and 1 year after cleanup.
The results are given:

 The Friedman test involves ranking the

data in the rows, then comparing the mean
rank in each column. Thus the values of
*BOD would be ranked across each row as
shown below. Where two samples have the
same value a mean rank is assigned.
If the cleanup procedure had been
ineffective, the ranking of values over time
would be randomly distributed at the
various sites and the sum of the ranks for
each column would be similar.
However, if the cleanup procedure were
effective, there would be significant
differences in the sum of the ranks of at
least one column.
*Biological oxygen demand

Null hypothesis
H0: The cleanup procedure has had no effect on the BOD
H1: The cleanup procedure has affected the BOD
Decision Rule
Reject H0 if M critical value at =5%
Calculation method

Where:
k = number of columns (often called treatments)
n = number of rows (often called blocks)
Rj = sum of the ranks in column j.

If there is no significant difference between the sum of the ranks of each of the
columns, then M will be small, but if at least one column shows significant
difference then M will be larger.

For the BOD example these

calculations work out as follows:
The significance of M may then
be looked up in tables.
The critical value of M for 3
columns and 12 rows at = 5%
is 7.5
Thus M > critical value so we
can reject H0 and conclude that
the treatment has had a
significant effect on the BOD for
that stretch of river.

THANK YOU