Power System Fundamentals

ECE 0909.402.05
ECE 0909.504.05 - Lecture 8
25 March 2003
Peter Mark Jansson PP PE MScEng

Aims
Mid-Term Review
Chapter 4 - AC Machinery

Mid-Term Performance
Very Good Class Performance Overall
76% mean Score
2-As, 4-Bs, 6-Cs, 3-Ds, 1-F
Only 5 Questions with less than 70% score

Question Distribution
Midterm Questions
100%
90%

P e rc e n t C o rre c t

80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1

10

Question #

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Mid-Term Review
#5 48%
#12 35%
#14 63%
#15 34%
#16 58%

Chapter 4
AC Machinery Types and Highlights
The Rotating Magnetic Field
Relationship between Frequency and Magnetic

Field Rotation
Induced Voltage in AC Machines
Induced Torque in an AC Machine

AC Machinery Types
AC machines (generators and motors)
Two major classes:

Synchronous machines
Induction machines
Two major parts of machines

Stator
Rotor

Stators and Rotors

STATOR

S
ROTOR
N

Simple Way to Remember

Stator is STATIONARY part of machine
Rotor is ROTATING part of the machine

Wheres the Field?

In most AC machines, the magnetic field circuits

and field currents are in the rotors

THIS MEANS the induced (or supplied) AC field
and currents are in the stator:
If POWER comes out torque goes in and this is
an AC generator
If POWER is supplied torque comes out and this
is an AC motor

Synchronous Machines
Motors and generators whose magnetic field

current for the rotor is supplied by a separate DC

power source
Synchronous generators are used to produce
nearly all the electric power produced in the
world
Figures 5-4 and 5-6 (pp. 196-197)

Induction Machines
Motors and generators whose magnetic field current is
supplied by magnetic induction (transformer action) into
the field windings of the rotor (a DC power source is not
required)
Although induction machines can be motors or
generators they have many disadvantages as
generators. Thus, they are referred to typically as
induction motors. Most popular type of AC motor
See pages 289-291

The Rotating Magnetic Field

STATOR

S
N

ROTOR
N

CCW Rotation

How we create these fields

The fundamental principle of AC machine

operation is that: If a three-phase set of

currents, each of equal magnitude and differing
in phase by 120o, flows in a three-phase winding,
it will produce a rotating magnetic field of
constant magnitude

3-phase stator winding

3

2
STATOR

S
B-Field

N
3

How we create these fields

In a synchronous generator:

DC currents
create N-S poles in the rotor, which drive a
rotating magnetic field flux through the stationary
coils of the stator
In an induction motor: AC currents in the stator
create a rotating magnetic flux which the internal
rotor (with N-S poles) constantly chases

Magnitude of B-field
Bnet (t ) B11 (t ) B22 (t ) B33 (t )
BM (sin t0o (sin t 120o )120o (sin t 240o )240 o )
(1.5 BM sin t ) x (1.5 BM cos t ) y

Relationship between Frequency

and Magnetic Field Rotation
IN A 3-PHASE

STATOR

What is speed of field rotation?

What is relationship?
Of electrical frequency and speed of the

magnetic field within the stator?

fe fm

e m

Multiple Pole AC machines

A 3-phase, two pole machine has 6 stator

windings
If you want to have a four pole machine how
many stator windings will it have?
Winding orientation is as follows:

a-c-b-a-c-b (a-c-b-a-c-b)

Four pole 3-phase machines

When 3-phase currents move through the 4 pole

stator 2 N and 2 S poles are created

The governing equations then change for angle,
frequency and rotation speed:

e 2 m
fe 2 fm
e 2 m

In general, for multi-pole machines

If magnetic poles on the AC stator number P,

then there are P/2 repetitions of the winding

sequence ( a-c-b-a-c-b ) around its inner
surface
P
e
m
And
2
P
fe
fm
2
P
e
m
2

Reversing Direction of Rotation

If the direction of the current in any two of the

three coils in a 3-phase stator is swapped, the

direction of the magnetic field rotation will be
reversed
Take the winding sequence when you start your

HW and prove it to yourself

Induced Voltage in AC Machines

The same way 3-phase currents in the stator

produce a rotating magnetic field, a rotating

magnetic field can produce a 3-phase set of
voltages in the stator.

Equations
eind N c cos t
e11 N c sin tV
e22 N c (sin t 120 )V
o

e33 N c (sin t 240 )V

o

RMS Voltage in a 3-phase Stator

emax N c
emax 2N cf
e phase

2
N cf
2

e phase N cf 2

Wye vs. Delta Connection

Rms value depends upon connection type
When Y connected it is ?
When delta connected it is just e phase

example

AC Machine Power Flows

Electrical or copper losses
Core losses
Mechanical losses
Stray load losses

HW 4
Complete Example 4-1 pp. 170-172
Section 4.9 Questions: 4-1, 4-2, 4-3
Section 4.10 Problems: 4-1, 4-3, 4-4