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Chapter 16
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Acids
Have a _________ taste. Vinegar owes its taste to
acetic acid. Citrus fruits contain citric acid.
React with certain metals to produce ______________ gas.
React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce
______________ ______________ gas
Bases
Have a __________ taste.
Feel ________________. Many soaps contain bases.
16.3
16.3
base
base
acid
acid
base
acid
conjugate
acid
conjugate
base
16.1
H2O (l)
__________________ of water
H
O
H
+ H
O
H
H
base
H2O + H2O
acid
+ + H
H O H
O
conjugate
acid
H3O+ + OHconjugate
base
16.2
[H+][OH-]
Kc =
[H2O]
[H2O] = constant
Kc[H2O] = Kw = [H+][OH-]
The __________________(Kw) is the product of
the molar concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a
particular _______________________.
Solution Is
[H+] = [OH-]
At 250C
Kw = [H+][OH-] = __________
= _____________ M
16.2
pH A Measure of Acidity
pH = _______________________
Solution Is
neutral
[H+] = [OH-]
At 250C
[H+] = 1 x 10-7
pH
acidic
pH
basic
pH
pH
[H+]
pH
[H+]
16.3
16.3
16.3
16.3
H2O
H 2O
H2O
Ba(OH)2 (s)
H2O
16.4
Strong Acid
Weak Acid
16.4
0.0 M
0.0 M
0.0 M
H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
0.002 M
0.002 M
16.4
0.0 M
0.0 M
0.0 M
Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
0.018 M
0.036 M
16.4
HA (aq)
Ka =
Ka
weak acid
strength
16.5
Ionization Constants of Some Weak Acids and Their Conjugate Bases at 25C
16.5
Initial (M)
Change (M)
H+ (aq) + F- (aq)
Ka =
[H+][F-]
= 7.1 x 10-4
[HF]
HF (aq)
H+ (aq) + F- (aq)
0.50
0.00
0.00
-x
+x
+x
Equilibrium (M)
= __________
Ka
Ka << 1
0.50 x 0.50
Ka =
0.50 x 0.50
0.019 M
x 100% = 3.8%
0.50 M
Less than 5%
Approximation ok.
More than 5%
Approximation not ok.
16.5
HA (aq)
H+ (aq) + A- (aq)
0.122
0.00
0.00
-x
+x
+x
Equilibrium (M)
= __________
Ka
= __________ x2 = _________
0.0083 M
x 100% = 6.8%
0.122 M
Ka << 1
0.122 x 0.122
Ka =
x = _______ M
More than 5%
Approximation not ok.
16.5
x2
= 5.7 x 10-4
Ka =
0.122 - x
ax2 + bx + c =0
x = 0.0081
Initial (M)
Change (M)
Equilibrium (M)
HA (aq)
H+ (aq) + A- (aq)
0.122
0.00
0.00
-x
+x
+x
0.122 - x
[H+] = x = 0.0081 M
pH = -log[H+] = 2.09
16.5
percent ionization =
x 100%
[H+]
[HA]0
x 100%
16.5
[NH4+][OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]
Kb is the base ionization constant
Kb
weak base
strength
Ionization Constants of Some Weak Bases and Their Conjugate Bases at 25C
16.6
H+ (aq) + A- (aq)
OH- (aq) + HA (aq)
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Ka
Kb
Kw
KaKb = _____
Weak Acid and Its Conjugate Base
Kw
Ka =
Kb
Kw
Kb =
Ka
16.7
Ionization Constants
of Some Diprotic
Acids and a
Polyprotic Acid and
Their Conjugate
Bases at 25C
16.8
H+ + X-
The
stronger
the bond
The
weaker
the acid
Bond Energies for Hydrogen Halides and Acid Strengths for Hydrohalic Acids
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
16.9
+
H
O- + H+
The O-H bond will be more polar and easier to break if:
Z is very electronegative or
16.9
O
O
H O Cl O
H O Br O
Cl is more electronegative than Br
HClO3 > HBrO3
16.9
HClO4 HClO3
HClO2
HClO
16.9
H2O
Basic Solutions:
Salts derived from a strong base and a weak acid.
CH3COONa (s)
H2O
H2O
Al(OH)(H2O)52+(aq) + H+ (aq)
16.10
16.10
Kb for the anion > Ka for the cation, solution will be ________
Kb for the anion < Ka for the cation, solution will be ________
16.10
16.11
Definition of An Acid
_____________ is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water
A __________________ __________ is a proton donor
A __________ is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons
A __________ is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons
acid
H O H
N H
H+ +
H + OH
acid base
+
H
base
H N H
H
16.12
F B
F
N H
F
F B
F
H
N H
H
16.12