Cell Chemistry (II)

Functional groups
Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
Metabolism: Anabolic & Catabolic

KNOW & Be Able to Draw & Identify

These Functional Groups

Understand
Meaning/Significance of Key
Terms
7. Enzyme
1.
Hydrophilic
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Hydrophobic
Metabolism
Anabolic
Catabolic
Synthesis

8. Cellular respiration
9. Enzyme
10. Oxidation
11. Reduction
12. Dehydration synthesis
13. Hydrolysis

Know Significance of These

Electrolytes in Physiology

H+
HCO3Fe2+
ICa2+

Significance of Carbohydrates
in Physiology
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Composition of Carbohydrates
All of them, mono-, di- and polycontain the elements C, H and O
The ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1 or C n(H2O)n
OR CnH2nOn where n may be 5, 6 or
If n=5 then a monosaccharide will
most likely have the formula C5H10O5

Classes/Categories of
Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
Examples of each?

Monosaccharides
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
They each have 6C, therefore called hexoses
What would be the chemical formula for each one?
Looking at the structural formula for Glucose, Would
you expect it to be:
Hydrophilic? OR
Hydrophobic?

Significance of Monosaccharides in
Physiology
They are fuels
Body cells burn or Oxidize these fuels
in order to extract from them ENERGY
Cells burn fuels by a process called:

Cellular Respiration

A general formula for cellular respiration

Fuel+ nO2 nCO2 + nH2O + Energy

Energy will be in the form of

Heat plus a chemical called nATP

By what process do monosaccharides get

into/out of cells? (Study Guyton Ch.4)

Disaccharides
Examples of disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

Composition of sucrose
Glucose + Fructose joined by a glycosidic bond

Composition of Lactose
Glucose + Galactose joined by a glycosidic bond

Composition of Maltose
Glucose + Glucose joined by what?

Dehydration Synthesis
The type of chemical reaction by which
disaccharides are produced is called:
Dehydration synthesis

Formation of covalent bond requires

participation of an enzyme and consumes
energy
Questions?
1. Is dehydration synthesis an example of
anabolic or catabolic metabolism?
2. Does it consume or yield energy?

Significance of Disaccharides in
Physiology
We get them in our diet when we
drink milk or malt,
or eat sugar cane or use table sugar or run
on Dunkin

They are synthesized by cells BUT there

are no mechanism/process by which
they can enter body cells
So what happens to disaccharide when
we consume them? (Study Guyton Ch.
65 p789-93; p793-97)

Metabolism
All chemical reactions that occur in cells

Examples: Dehydration Synthesis, Hydrolysis plus

those in metabolic pathways (glycolysis & Krebs Cycle)

Types of metabolism
Anabolic
Catabolic

Anabolic:

For building up big and complex molecules

i.e., anabolic steroids are consumed by weight
lifters

Catabolic: For breaking down big and

complex molecule into simpler ones

Anabolic vs Catabolic Metabolism

Anabolic
Net consumption of energy
Covalent bonds are synthesized
Example:???

Catabolic metabolism
Net yield of energy
Covalent bonds are broken
Example:???

Both require participation of enzymes

Anabolic vs Catabolic Metabolism:

Illustrated (Marieb, Ch. 3)
Which one illustrates
catabolic metabolism:
a, b or c?

Dehydration Synthesis vs
Hydrolysis (Marieb, Ch. 2)

Glycogen: A Polysaccharide
What monosaccharide is the building block for glycogen?

Cell Chemistry II
THE END