Periodicity & States of

Matter
By: Dr. Pomajevich

The Periodic Table

Periodic table continued

Periodic Table - Organizes many facts and
trends in chemical reactivity
Based upon electronic configurations of the
elements
Similarities in electronic properties lead to
similarities in chemical reactivity and
structure

Physical Properties
Element - a substance that cannot be
decomposed into simpler substances by
chemical or physical means.
Atomic radius (r) is measured as half the
distance between neighboring nuclei
Atomic radii increases down a group and
decreases across a period

Physical Properties
Cont
Ionic Radius
Positive ions are smaller than their parent
ions, while negative ions are smaller than
their parent ions
The ionic radii increase down a group as the
number of electron shells increase.

Ionization Energies
Electrons are exchanged in many chemical
reactions. [i.e., A gives electron(s) to B]
Ionization Energy (IE) measures how strongly
an atom holds on to its electrons (the minimum
energy necessary to remove an electron from
the ground state of an isolated gaseous atom).

I1 < I2 < I3 (increasing positive charge on

atom).
Very sharp increase in IE when an inner shell
(core)electron is removed.
Within each period, I1, generally increases
with increasing atomic number
Within each group, IE generally decreases with
increasing atomic number (bigger atoms).

Electronegativity
The measure of an elements atoms ability to
attract electrons in a covalent bond
Increases from left to right across a period and
decreases down a group
Increased nuclear charge results in and
increased attraction between the nucleus and its
bond electrons.

Melting Points
Depend on type of bonding and structure of an element
Melting points decrease down group 1, most of these are
metallic structures
Melting points increase down group 7, these are held
together by van der Waals intermolecular forces
Generally rise across a period and reach a maximum at
group 4

Chemical Properties

Group 0 - Noble Gases

Colorless Gases
Are Monatomic, so they exist as single
atoms
Are very unreactive

Group 1 - Alkali Metals

Are all silvery metals that are too reactive
to be found in nature
Good conductors, low densities
When they react with water they produce
hydrogen and the metal hydroxide

Group 7 - Halogens
Diatomic molecules (come in pairs)
Have color
Very reactive non-metals who's reactivity
decreases down the group
Known as halogens

Continued
Halogens react with group 1 metals to
form ionic halides
Most vigorous reactions occur between
elements that are farthest away from each
other on the periodic table

Bonding of Period 3 oxides

Known as transition metals
Ionic compounds are generally formed
between metal and non-metal elements
Covalent bonds normally form between
two non-metals

Continued
The oxides become more ionic down a group
as the electronegativity decreases.
Acid-Base properties of the oxides are linked to
their bonding
Metallic elements, which form ionic oxides are
basic; non-metal oxides, which are covalent,
are acidic

Trends across Period 3

Chlorides - demonstrate similar periodic
patterns in their chemical and physical
properties
Tend to be covalent instead of ionic

Continued
Chlorine reacts slowly with water in a
reversible reaction to produce of
hydrochloric acid and chloric acid
Know as a disproportional reaction as
chlorine is both oxidized and reduced

First-row d-block elements

Have helps us advance technologically
We use strength of steel and its alloy steel
to construct buildings and so on

Physical properties
high electrical and thermal conductivity
high melting point
malleable
high tensile strength
ductile

Chemical Properties
Form compounds with more than one
oxidation number
form a variety of complex ions
Form colored compounds
Act as catalysts

Colors of Transition Metals

Color of transition metals can be related to
presence of partially filled d-orbitals
Transition metals absorb light as d-orbitals
split into two sub levels
Different allowances of visible light create
different colors

Transition metals as catalysts

Heterogeneous - the catalyst is in a
different state from the reactant
Homogeneous - catalysts are in same
state of matter as the reactant