Lecture - 2 Introduction To Steel Structures

N-W.F.P.
University of
Engineering and Technology
Peshawar
Design of Steel Structures

CE-409
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
N-W.F.P. University of
Peshawar
Lecture 02: Introduction to Steel

Structures
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
2
Topics to be Covered
What is Steel?
Mention of Iron in Holy Quran
Steel Making process
Treatments and processes affecting steel
properties
Mechanical properties of Structural Steel
Geomatric properties of Structural Steel
CE-411: Lecture 02
Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
What is Steel?
Steel is an alloy in which iron is mixed with
carbon and other elements.
An Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two
or more elements, at least one of which is a
metal, and where the resulting material has
metallic properties.
An Alloy usually has different properties
(sometimes significantly different) from
those of its components.
CE-411: Lecture 02

Iron is mentioned in the Holy Quran 6 times:
1. Surah Bani Israil (17:50)

2. Surah Al Kahf ( 18: 96)
3. Surah Al Anbiya.. (21:22)
4. Surah Saba (34:10)
5. Surah Qaf (50:22)
6. Surah Al-Hadid (57:25)
CE-411: Lecture 02

Al-Hadeed (Sura 57:25)
We have indeed sent Our messengers with clear proofs, and sent
down with them the book and the balance, so that people may
uphold equity. And we sent down iron in which there is strong
power, and benefits for the people; and (We did it) so that ALLAH
knows who helps Him and his messengers without seeing (Him).
Surely ALLAH is Strong, Mighty.
CE-411: Lecture 02
Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
Steel Making Process
http://www.tatasteel.com/products-and-processes/processes/steel-making-process.asp
CE-411: Lecture 02
Lecture 01
Lecture 01

Chemical Reactions in Blast Furnace
Iron (III) Oxide + Carbon Monoxide Iron + Carbon Dioxide
Fe2O3(s) +3 CO(g) 2 Fe(s)+3 CO2(g) (At 1500o C)

Calcium Carbonate Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide
CaCO3(s) CaO(s)+CO2(g)
This oxide helps to remove some of the
acidic impurities from the ore
CE-411: Lecture 02
10

Chemical Reactions in Blast Furnace
Calcium Oxide (g) + Silica (s) Calcium Silicate (l)
CaO(s) + SiO2(s) CaSiO3
(l)
The metal that leaves the Blast Furnace contains between 4%

and 5% Carbon and is brittle. This carbon and other impurities
are removed in the next step.
CE-411: Lecture 02
11

Removal of Impurities by Oxidation
o The Bessemer process named after its

Inventor Henry Bessemer who invented
the process in 1855
o The key principle is removal of excess
carbon and impurities by injection of
oxygen through molten iron
o Oxidizing excess carbon and impurities
also keeps the metal molten.
CE-411: Lecture 02
12
Making Steel Rolled Shapes
CE-411: Lecture 02
13
Treatments and Processes Affecting

Steel Properties
o Quenching
Quenching refers to heating steel to below a critical
temperature, holding that temperature and then rapidly
cooling it in a desirable medium such as air water or oil to
obtain desired hardness property.
CE-411: Lecture 02
14

Steel Properties
o Tempering
Tempering refers to heating steel above a critical
temperature, then cooling it rapidly to freeze it in a very
hard state followed by rewarming it to an intermediate
temperature to give a hardness suitable for the job
intended.
CE-411: Lecture 02
15

Steel Properties
o Annealing
Heating (usually up to 1150o F) followed by
cooling of steel in solid state to relieve the
residual stresses and to enhance ductility.
CE-411: Lecture 02
16

Steel Properties
o Killed Steel
It indicates that the steel has been completely
deoxidized by the addition of an agent such as
silicon or aluminum, before casting, so that there is
practically no evolution of gas during solidification.
These are characterized by a high degree of
chemical homogeneity and freedom from porosity.
CE-411: Lecture 02
17

Steel Properties
o Rimmed Steel
A low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to give

a continuous evolution of carbon monoxide while the
ingot is solidifying. Incomplete oxidation allows the metal
at the top of the ingot to remain liquid while solidifying in
formation of a bottom and side rim of virtually pure iron of
considerable thickness virtually free of voids. Sheet and
strip products made from rimmed steel ingots have very
good surface quality.
CE-411: Lecture 02
18

Steel Properties
o Work Hardening
An increase in strength and hardness attained by

stressing the steel to cause plastic deformations at lower
temperatures.
CE-411: Lecture 02
19
Effect of Carbon percentage

on
Steel
Properties
o Carbon has a major effect on steel properties. Carbon is the primary
hardening element in steel. Hardness and tensile strength increases as
carbon content increases up to about 0.85%.
CE-411: Lecture 02
20
Effect of Carbon percentage

on Steel Properties
Type of Steel
%age of Carbon
Mild Steel
Up to 0.25%
Medium Carbon Steel
0.25% to 0.45%
High Carbon Steel
0.45% to 1.50%
Adding metals such as nickel, chromium, and

tungsten to iron produces a wide range of alloy
steels, including stainless steel and high speed
steels.
CE-411: Lecture 02
21
Mechanical Properties of
Structural Steels
o Most widely used standards for structural
materials are American Society for Testing
& Materials (ASTM) Standards.
o ASTM specifications for structural steels
generally identify the Process by which steel
is to be made, chemical composition, and
tensile requirements.
CE-411: Lecture 02
22
Lecture 01
23
Structural Steels
CE-411: Lecture 02
24
Structural Steels
o Yield strength is usually taken to be that stress which

leaves the specimen with a permanent set of 0.2%
when specimen is unloaded or stress corresponding
to 0.5% elongation (strain)
CE-411: Lecture 02
25
Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

o Specification A6 outlines general requirements for Rolled
Steel plates, shapes, sheet piling, and Bars for structural
use.
o Specification A370 outlines the procedures for Mechanical
testing of steel products.
o Standard specimen called Coupons cut from shapes, are
used in tensile test to establish properties of material.
CE-411: Lecture 02
27
o Yielding is a discontinuous
phenomenon.
o In tension test it begins with sudden
appearance in specimen of one or more
narrow slip bands called Flow Lines.
o Slip bands are plastic regions separated
by completely elastic regions.
CE-411: Lecture 02
28

ASTM A36 Mild
(low-carbon)
steel
Composition & Property

Minimum
Properties
Chemistry
CE-411: Lecture 02
ASTM A572
Grade 50 steel
Ultimate Tensile Strength, psi 58,000 - 79,800
65,000 min
Yield Strength, psi
36,300
50,000 min.
Elongation
20.0%
18% min
Iron (Fe)
99%
98%
Carbon (C)
0.26%
0.23%
Manganese (Mn)
0.75%
1.35%
Copper (Cu)
0.2%
--
Phosphorus (P)
0.04% max
0.04%
Sulfur (S)
0.05% max
0.05%
Silicon
--
0.4%
Vanadium and Columbium
--
0.02 0.15
29
Comparison of Mechanical Properties

Wrought Iron and Steel
Property
Wrought Iron
Steel
Elastic
Modulus
190Gpa
(27Mpsi)
190 210 GPa

(27-30 Mpsi)
Yield Strength
210 MPa
(30ksi)
280-1600 MPa
(40-232ksi)
Ultimate
Strength
340 Mpa
(49ksi)
340- 1900 MPa

(49-275ksi)
% Elongation
CE-411: Lecture 02
35
3- 40
30
Types of Steel Shapes

Standard Rolled Shapes
CE-411: Lecture 02
31
Types of Steel Shapes (Contd.)

Typical Tension Members
CE-411: Lecture 02
33

Typical Compression Members
CE-411: Lecture 02
34
Lecture 01
35

Typical Beam Members
CE-411: Lecture 02
36
Properties of Steels Used for Buildings and Bridges
CE-411: Lecture 02
37
Properties of Steels Used for Buildings

and Bridges (Contd.)
CE-411: Lecture 02
38
Properties of Steels Used for Buildings

and Bridges (Contd.)
CE-411: Lecture 02
39
Uses of Various Steels
CE-411: Lecture 02
40
Uses of Various Steels (Contd.)
CE-411: Lecture 02
41
N-W.F.P.
University
of
N-W.F.P University of Engineering &
Technology Peshawar
Peshawar
Types of Steel Structures
Instructor: Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem

Lecturer: Engr. Muhammad Fahim
42
Topics to be Covered
Topics to be covered in Lecture
Types of Steel Structures

Tension
Members
Compression
Truss
Systems and Frame Systems
Built-up
Shell
Members and Structures
Structures
Suspension
CE-411: Lecture 02
Members
Structures
43
Lecture 01
44
Lecture 01
45
Lecture 01
46
Types of steel structures

Tension Members
Primarily occur as:
Chord Members in trusses:
In
diagonal bracing in bracing systems;
Cable
elements in suspension roofs, main cables of

suspension bridges and suspenders.
CE-411: Lecture 02
47

Typical Tension Members
CE-411: Lecture 02
48
Lecture 01
49

Compression Members
Primarily occur as:
Columns in buildings;
Chord
Members in trusses and diagonal members in

end panels of trusses
Stability
is an important consideration in design and

behaviour of compression members
Area
CE-411: Lecture 02
is generally spread out to maximize Radius of Gyration
50

Typical Compression Members
CE-411: Lecture 02
51
Lecture 01
52

Beam Members
Primarily loaded transverse to the longitudinal axis and resist
loading by flexure
X-sectional area is located as far from the neutral axis as is
practical
Commonly W shapes are used in most cases
For deeper beams I-shaped sections made by welding plates are
commonly used
For smaller loads and spans open-web joists are commonly used
Instability due to lateral Torsional Buckling is an important
consideration
CE-411: Lecture 02
53

Typical Beam Members
CE-411: Lecture 02
54

Typical Beam Members (Contd.)
Open-Web Steel Joist

Economical & popular for Roof & floor framing.
Bar joist are supported by bearing walls or steel girders.
Floor of thin concrete reinforced in both directions with
rebars or welded wire fabric.
CE-411: Lecture 02
55

Classification Based on Shape
CE-411: Lecture 02
Typical Rolled
Shapes
Prof. Steel
Dr. Akhtar
Naeem Khan
56
Difference between W
and S shapes
W shape: Have wide flanges, efficient in resisting moments so used primarily as beams
S shape: Have wide webs, efficient in resisting shear (used in the past as railway tracks)
CE-411: Lecture 02
57
Symbolic Representation of
Various shapes
W30x90:
W represents shape of the section, I section in this case
30 is the depth of the section in inches
90 is the nominal weight in lb per ft
L3x2x1/2
L represents shape of the section, angle
3 is the length of one leg, inches
2 is the length of the other leg, inches
is the thickness of the angle, inches
CE-411: Lecture 02
58

Classical Skeleton framing
Steel truss
Rigid frames
Arches
Domes
Cable supported Roofs
CE-411: Lecture 02
59
Classical skeleton framing

Classical system supported by beams,
girders and columns.
Beams: W or S shapes, Channel
shapes for roof purlins.
Columns: generally W shapes
CE-411: Lecture 02
60
Classical skeleton framing
CE-411: Lecture 02
61
Steel Trusses
Triangular rigid
structure
Most common double
pitched roof trusses:
Fink & Pratt.
Most common flat
trusses: Pratt &Warren
CE-411: Lecture 02
62
Steel Trusses
CE-411: Lecture 02
63
Steel Trusses
No span limit
Often prefabricated
Used with wood or steel purlins to
support the roof.
Bracing: if resting on masonry walls:
Diagonal
bracing in alternate bays
Continuous
CE-411: Lecture 02
struts(angles, channels)
64
Example of Truss structures

with Bulit-up structure
Truss Bridge
Built-up Members
CE-411: Lecture 02
65
Steel Trusses
CE-411: Lecture 02
66
Typical steel rigid frame

Rigid Frames
For large unobstructed floor areas and ceiling
heights.
Spans generally 40ft to 100ft
Members are connected by bolting and welding
Members: W shapes or web plates fillet welded to
flange plates
Connection to foundation with a base plate(bolted)
CE-411: Lecture 02
67
Typical steel rigid frame
CE-411: Lecture 02
68
Typical steel braced frame
CE-411: Lecture 02
69
Steel Arch structures

Used in field houses, exhibition halls, with span
over 300ft
Most common type: three hinged arch
CE-411: Lecture 02
70
Lecture 01
71
Lateral bracing;
Diagonal bracing in curved surfaces between

arches
Lateral bracing of ribs with purlins or trussed purlins.
CE-411: Lecture 02
72
Steel Domes
Used for large circular areas: Assembly
halls, gymnasium, field houses.
Spans up to 400ft in diameter
Structural members:
Perimeter
(Tension ring)
Domes
and rings are supported by columns braced

laterally or by bearing walls
Purlins
CE-411: Lecture 02
supports the roof deck and span between ribs
73
Steel Domes
CE-411: Lecture 02
74
Steel Domes
Lecture 01
75
Cable supported roof

Chicago OHare International Airport
Restaurant
Reinforced concrete compression ring 190dia

Ring is supported on 26 RCC columns 58ft above ground
Tension ring W-shape 13 dia
Sag of cables 10.5
Ends of cables are anchored to the two rings
Roof deck: precast RCC slabs 3.5 thick which fit between
cables with projecting ends of reinforcement hooking over the
cables.
CE-411: Lecture 02
76
Cable supported roof
CE-411: Lecture 02
77
Lecture 01
78
Examples of Famous steel

structures
Eiffel Tower, Paris
The Worlds tallest

structure at
times(990ft).
Was originally built
to last 20 years.
CE-411: Lecture 02
79

James R,Thompson Center, Chicago
structures
The building is enclosed by 17
story curtain walls.
The diameter of rotunda is
160ft
The rotunda projects as a
cylinder and its top resembles
a drum without a dome
slanting towards plaza.
Office spaces are between
rotundas walls and outer skin
CE-411: Lecture 02
80

The Geodesic Dome at Walt Disney World
structures
Spaceship earth is a huge golf
ball, standing 180 ft.
The structure is designed to
withstand wind speeds of 200
mph
Structure: steel framing clad with
faceted aluminum panels, and
stands on 3 pairs of steel legs.
Site was mostly swamp, filled
with much, organic material with
95% water content.
As a solution, 2.5 million cubic
yards of soil was removed and
replaced by clean material
CE-411: Lecture 02
81

Indoor Football Facility,
structures
University of Illinois, Urbana
The roof structure is
semi-parabolic dome
A large single arched
box truss spans the
length of the field and
supports 1/2 of roof
load.
CE-411: Lecture 02
82

structures
110 Stories Tall

Total Height = 1725 ft
Based on revolutionary Bundled
Tube Design
Rigid outer walls act as walls of
hollow tube
There are 9 tubes in all
The number of tubes reduces with
height
Designed by late Fazl-ur-Rehman
from Bangladesh
Supported by 114 piles
CE-411: Lecture 02
83
Mechanical properties
of structural steel
Stiffness: The resistance of structural
component to deformation.
Lecture 01
Material
Length
X-Section
84
Mechanical properties of
structural steel
Stiffness: Variation with Geometry and Material.
Lecture 01
85
structural steel
Stiffness: Variation with Geometry and Material.
Lecture 01
86
structural steel
Strength: The max load which a structure or
structural component can resist.
Toughness: The ability of a structure or

structural component to absorb energy.
Fatigue is a progressive, localized permanent

damage under fluctuating repeated stress.
Lecture 01
87
structural steel
Lecture 01
88
structural steel
Material A is more Stiffer but less Tougher than Material C

Material A has more strength than Material C
Lecture 01
89

Lecture - 2 Introduction To Steel Structures

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N-W.F.P.

Design of Steel Structures

Lecture 02: Introduction to Steel

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Mention of Iron in Holy Quran

1. Surah Bani Israil (17:50)

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Mention of Iron in Holy Quran

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Steel Making Process

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Steel Making Process

Fe2O3(s) +3 CO(g) 2 Fe(s)+3 CO2(g) (At 1500o C)

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Steel Making Process

CaO(s) + SiO2(s) CaSiO3

The metal that leaves the Blast Furnace contains between 4%

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Steel Making Process

o The Bessemer process named after its

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Steel Making Process

Making Steel Rolled Shapes

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Treatments and Processes Affecting

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Treatments and Processes Affecting

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Treatments and Processes Affecting

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Treatments and Processes Affecting

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Treatments and Processes Affecting

A low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to give

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Treatments and Processes Affecting

An increase in strength and hardness attained by

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Effect of Carbon percentage

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Effect of Carbon percentage

Medium Carbon Steel

High Carbon Steel

Adding metals such as nickel, chromium, and

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

o Yield strength is usually taken to be that stress which

Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels

Composition & Property

Ultimate Tensile Strength, psi 58,000 - 79,800

Yield Strength, psi

Vanadium and Columbium