Theory of Dyeing

Theory of Dyeing
Physico-chemical aspect of
thedyeing processis one kind of
system or way which shows how to a
dye penetrates or enter into the
fiber. It also describes how many
process and time a dye molecules
follow to enter completely onto the
fiber.

Stage in the Dyeing

Dye dispersed in the dye bath

(Convective diffusion)
Dye in the diffusion layer(boundary layer)
(Molecular diffusion)
Dye in the electrical double layer
(Adsorption)
Dye absorbed on the fiber surface
(Diffusion)
Dye diffused in the fiber
(Fixation)
Dye physically or chemically bond in the fiber
Thedyeing processis essentially a distribution process. The
dye is distributed over at least two phase systems, the dye
bath and textile materials. When equilibrium dyeing is
reached, the following subsidiary equilibrium is established.

Dye dispersed in the dye

bath
Most of the dyes in solution are in
molecular and partially ionized state
or exist in the form of ionic cells.

Dye in the diffusion layer

When a substrate is brought into a
dye bath, a concentration gradient is
created which will-make the dye
molecules move or diffuse to the
fiber. The dye which approaches the
fiber surface must eventually diffuse
through a thin liquid layer, the socalled diffusion layer, towards or onto
the fiber surface.

Dye in the electrical double

layer
All textile fibers when immersed in water
or aqueous solution, acquire an electrical
potential after referred to as Beta
potential. At the fiber surface the dye
molecules must pass the electrical
double layer, consists of non-solvated
anions(mostly) and solvated cat ions.
These positive and negative ions try to
approach the fiber surface as close as
possible. This layer is about 1nm thin.

Dye absorbed on the fiber

surface
The dye molecules reach the fiber
surface ( and the first layer of the
fiber ). This dye take-up at the fiber
surface (absorption) occurs very
rapidly and leads to a reduction of
dye molecules in the immediate
vicinity of this surface.

Dye diffused in the fiber

After absorption, dye diffused in the
fiber. Owing to the high
temperature , there is always an
abundance of dye stuff molecules in
the vicinity of the fiber and agitation
has little effect upon the time of half
dyeing.

Dye physically or chemically

bond in the fiber
The last step of dyeing is fixation. In
case of reactive dyes, the fixation is
one-way. Because here dye
molecules become attached to the
fiber polymer by strong co-valent
bonds. In case of all other dyes this
fixation is two ways. Because they
are fixed with fiber by weak
hydrogen or salt linkage.

Affinity
Affinity: The attraction of the dyes to the
textile materials. It is related to the heat or
temperature.
Substantivity: The attraction of the textile
materials to the dyes.
Diffusion: Diffusion can be define as the
spontaneous spreading of any material
through any medium.
Adsorption: When the dye molecules comes
contact to the surface of the fiber by
passing of EDL.

Exhaustion
when three processes has completed
(Adsorption Sorption Absorption)
then total amount of dye molecules
remain in the fiber is called
Exhaustion.
Mathematically Exhaustion % = (IDC
FDC) x 100% / IDC

Absorption
The process by which dye molecules enter
into the fiber.
Fixation: It is nothing but the physical &
chemical bonding of dye molecules & fiber.
After washing which amount of dyes are
contact with the fiber that is called fixation.
Fixation = Exhaustion (Wash + Soap Wash)
Shade%: Shade is express in percentage of
dye amount in unit weight of fiber.
Light 0.5% Medium 1.5% Deep more
than 1.5%