CHAPTER 1

PERIODIC SYSTEM OF ELEMENT AND

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

In this chapter we are going to

study about
The Development
of Chemical
Elements
Periodic System
Model and Theory Atom
Application of Chemical Elements
Periodic
Table
The Metal and Non-metal and

After learning this

chapter, you are
expected
to beof able
to
Compare the development
periodic table

to identify its excess and weakness

Explaining the base of element grouping in
the periodic table
Determined the electron configuration and
valence electron and also the relative atomic
mass base on the periodic table
Analyze table and graph to determine the
periodical properties of the elements
Explaining the development of atomic theory
to indicate its excess and weakness
Classify the element base on their properties

A. The Development of Chemical Elements

Periodic
System
The sorting system of chemical elements
continues
to develop along with the discovery of
1.
Lavoisier Elements Classification
chemicals
Frence chemist, Antoine Lavoisier in 1869 defined
element and the progress of chemicals
element as an indivisible object. Lavoisier made a list
science
of 33 chemical elements which was divided into gas,
non-metal, metal and soil

Lavoisier Chemical Elements

Classification
Group

Gas

Nonmetal

Metal

Soil

Group
Member

Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

Sulfur
Posfor
Chlorin
Fluorin
Carbon
Boric
Antimon
Arsen
Lead
Cobalt
Mangan
Molibdenu
m

Gold
Timbel
Zinc
Mercury
Bismuth
Copper
Silver
Platina
tungsten

Calsium
Magnesium
Barium
Aluminium
silikon

2. Dobereiner Elements
Classification
In 1817 a German chemist,
Johann
Wolfgang
Dobereiner
made a classification of chemicals
elements.
He
used
different
methode than Lavoisier to classify
those chemical element. He made
groups of every three chemical
elements with similar properties
base on its atomic weight rising.
Its known as Dobereiner triad law

2. Dobereiner Elements
Classification
In 1817 a German chemist,
Johann
Wolfgang
Dobereiner
made a classification of chemicals
elements.
He
used
different
methode than Lavoisier to classify
those chemical element. He made
groups of every three chemical
elements with similar properties
base on its atomic weight rising.
Its known as Dobereiner triad law

Several Triad of Cemical

Element
Triad I

Triad II

Triad III

Triad IV

Lithium 7

Calsium 40,08

Chlorin 35,45

Sulfur 32,06

Sodium 23

Stronsium
87,62

Bromin
79,91

Selenium 78,96

Potasium 39

Barium 137,34

Iodin 126,90

Telurium
127,60

In the beginning, the triad law was pretty famous

and accepted as general system. However, along
with the discovery of more new elements, there
are many of them that have similarity in
properties, but the total more than three. For
example, fluorin was similar with the halogen
triad. Nevertheless, we must appreciate
Dobereiner effort for initiating the periodic table
classification base on atom`s weight

3. CHANCOURTOIS ELEMENTS
CLASSIFICATION
In 1862, a Frence Geologist, Alexander
Beguyer de Chancourtois, classified chemical
elements base on its atomic weight rising.
Pay attention to pigure 1.2 in chemistry book,
Elements with similar properties were place
in
the
same
column.
The
weight
differentiation of identical atomic is 16. for
example take a look at lithium and sodium (7
and 23). Mathematically, those three
chemical elements classification can be
formulated into this equation
Atomic weight = 7 + 16n ; n = element
sequence

4. NEWLANDS ELEMENTS CLASSIFICATION

John Alexander Reina Newlands is

British chemist. Newlands classified
chemical elements based on its atomics
weight mounting. Newlands found the
linkage between element properties
and atomic weight rising. Element
properties will be repeated after every
eight elements (octave law). It means
that the 8th element will have similar
properties with the 1st element.
The weakness of octave law is that it is only applicable
for the first 17 elements
From hydrogen to calcium. Besides, octave law didn`t
provide available additional space for new founded
elements

 In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev from Russia

and Julius Lothar Meyer from Germany
founded a new method to arrange
chemical elements. They conducted
their piece separatedly, but almost the
same time, they published nearly
identical classification schemes. What
are the similarities and the diferrences
between Mendeleev and Meyer ?

6. Moseley Elements Classification

Method
Henri Moseley studied X-ray base on
Rutherford`s finding. He plotted the X-ray
frequence with the increasing of atomic
number. The result show linier trend that
indicate the correlation between atomic
number atomic properties priodically.
After that, Moseley arranged the
elements based on the increasing of
atomic number in the periodic tabel form

 Moseley periodic table succeed in

patching up Mendeleev periodic
tabel. In Mendeleev periodic tabel
Telurium and iodin arrangement is
inapt with its atomic weight
sequence.

A. Development of atomic models

Philosopher

Think about structure

of matter

The first atomic concept is proposed

By ancient Greek philosopher
He is Demokritus

Matter division
become the smaller
parts

According to Democritus and all his followers believe that every

exist in the nature is composed by solid particles called atom.
Atom is simplest division of an object which indivisible and has
tiny size, so it cannot be seen with plain view.

According to Democritus, atoms were made of same elements have

same sizeand shape, but atoms
which come from different
elements have different size and shape. The sizes, shapes and
arrangements of material`s atoms determined the material`s
properties. For examples, the atoms of fluid were smooth so they
could easily slide over one another, while the atoms of a solid were
rough and jagged so they could attach to another.

Althoung the Democritus`s ideas about atoms is consistent in

modern atomic theory, the researchers of prior eras did not
undestand the property of atoms and the interaction in the
materials.

The following are descriptions of atomic models developed by scientists after

democritus until the modern atomics model which believe at present

1. Dalton`s Atomic Model

1. Dalton`s Atomic Model