Termokimia (Pertemuan 6)

Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2nd Ed.
Nivaldo Tro
Chapter 6
Thermochemistry
Roy Kennedy
Massachusetts Bay Community College
Wellesley Hills, MA
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemical Hand Warmers

Most hand warmers work by using the heat
released from the slow oxidation of iron
4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s)
The amount your hand temperature rises

depends on several factors
the size of the hand warmer
the size of your glove, etc.
mainly, the amount of heat released by the
reaction
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
Manifestations of Energy
System and Surroundings

We define the system as the material or process
within which we are studying the energy changes

within
We define the surroundings as everything else
with which the system can exchange energy with
What we study is the exchange of energy
between the system and the surroundings
Surroundings
Surroundings
System
System
Units of Energy
joule (J) is the amount of energy needed to
move a 1-kg mass a distance of 1 meter
1 J = 1 Nm = 1 kgm2/s2
calorie (cal) is the amount of energy needed to

raise the temperature of one gram of water 1C
kcal = energy needed to raise 1000 g of water 1C
food Calories = kcals
Energy Conversion Factors
1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 joules (J) (exact)
1 Calorie (Cal) = 1000 cal = 1 kcal = 4184 J
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.60 x 106 J
The First Law of Thermodynamics

Law of Conservation of Energy
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its interconversions
The First Law of Thermodynamics is the Law of Conservation of
Energy
This means that the total amount of energy in the universe is
constant
You can therefore never design a system that will continue to
produce energy without some source of energy
Energy Flow and

Conservation of Energy
Conservation of energy requires that the sum of the
energy changes in the system and the surroundings
must be zero
Energyuniverse = 0 = Energysystem + Energysurroundings
Is the symbol that is
used to mean change
final amount initial amount
Internal Energy
The internal energy is the sum of the kinetic and
potential energies of all of the particles that compose
the system
The change in the internal energy of a system only
depends on the amount of energy in the system at
the beginning and end
a state function is a mathematical function whose result
only depends on the initial and final conditions, not on the
process used
E = Efinal Einitial
Ereaction = Eproducts Ereactants
graphical way of showing

the direction of energy flow
during a process
If the final condition has a
larger amount of internal

energy than the initial
condition, the change in the
internal energy will be +
If the final condition has a
smaller amount of internal

energy than the initial
condition, the change in the
internal energy will be
Internal Energy
Energy diagrams are a
Internal Energy
Energy Diagrams
final
initial
energy added
E = +
initial
final
energy removed
E =
Energy Flow
When energy flows out of a
system, it must all flow into

the surroundings
When energy flows out of a
system, Esystem is
Surroundings
E +
System
E
When energy flows into the
surroundings, Esurroundings is
+
Therefore:
Esystem= Esurroundings
10
Energy Flow
When energy flows into a
system, it must all come

from the surroundings
When energy flows into a
system, Esystem is +
Surroundings
E
System
E +
When energy flows out

of the surroundings,
Esurroundings is
Therefore:
Esystem= Esurroundings
11
Energy Flow in a Chemical Reaction

of C(s) and 1 mole of O2(g) is greater than
the internal energy in 1 mole of CO 2(g)
at the same temperature and pressure
In the reaction C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g), there

will be a net release of energy into the
surroundings
Ereaction = Esurroundings
In the reaction CO2(g) C(s) + O2(g), there

will be an absorption of energy from the
surroundings into the reaction
Internal Energy
The total amount of internal energy in 1mol

C(s), O2(g)
CO2(g)
energy
energy
released
absorbed
E
Erxnrxn==+
Surroundings
Ereaction = Esurroundings
System
CO
O22
C
+ 2OC
2 +CO
12
Energy Exchange
Energy is exchanged between the system and
surroundings through heat and work
q = heat (thermal) energy
w = work energy
q and w are NOT state functions, their value depends
on the process
E = q + w
13
Energy Exchange
Energy is exchanged between the system and

surroundings through either heat exchange or
work being done
14
Heat, Work, and Internal Energy

In the previous billiard ball example, the E of the white ball is the same
for both cases, but q and w are not
On the rougher table, the heat loss, q, is greater
q is a more negative number
But on the rougher table, less kinetic energy is transferred to the purple
ball, so the work done by the white ball, w, is less
w is a less negative number
The E is a state function and depends only on the velocity of the white
ball before and after the collision
in both cases it started with 5.0 kJ of kinetic energy and ended with 0 kJ because it
stopped
q + w is the same for both tables, even though the values of q and w are different
15
Example 6.1: If the burning of the fuel in a potato cannon

performs 855 J of work on the potato and
produces 1422 J of heat, what is E for the burning of the fuel?
Given:
Find:
qpotato = 855 J, wpotato = 1422 J
Efuel, J
Concept Plan:
Relationships: q
system = qsurroundings, wsystem = wsurroundings, E = q + w
Solution:
Check:
the unit is correct, the sign make sense as the fuel

should lose energy during the reaction
16
Practice Reacting 50 mL of H2(g) with 50 mL of C2H4(g)

produces 50 mL of C2H6(g) at 1.5 atm. If the reaction
produces 3.1 x 102 J of heat and the decrease in volume
requires the surroundings do 7.6 J of work on the gases, what
is the change in internal energy of the gases?
17
If the reaction produces 3.1 x 102 J of heat and the decrease in

volume requires the surroundings do 7.6 J of work on the
gases, what is the change in internal energy of the gases?
Given:
Find:
qreaction = 310 J, wsurroundings = 7.6 J
Egases, J
Concept Plan:
Relationships: q
system = qsurroundings, wsystem = wsurroundings, E = q + w
Solution:
Check:
the units are correct, the sign is reasonable as the amount of heat lost in the
reaction is much larger than the amount of work energy gained
18
Heat Exchange
Heat is the exchange of thermal energy between the
system and surroundings
Heat exchange occurs when system and surroundings
have a difference in temperature
Temperature is the measure of the amount of thermal
energy within a sample of matter
Heat flows from matter with high temperature to matter
with low temperature until both objects reach the same
temperature
thermal equilibrium
19
Quantity of Heat Energy Absorbed:

Heat Capacity
When a system absorbs heat, its temperature
increases
The increase in temperature is directly
proportional to the amount of heat absorbed
The proportionality constant is called the heat
capacity, C
units of C are J/C or J/K
q = C x T
The larger the heat capacity of the object being
studied, the smaller the temperature rise will be
for a given amount of heat
20
Factors Affecting Heat Capacity

The heat capacity of an object depends on its
amount of matter
usually measured by its mass
200 g of water requires twice as much heat to raise its
temperature by 1C as does 100 g of water
The heat capacity of an object depends on the

type of material
1000 J of heat energy will raise the temperature of 100
g of sand 12 C, but only raise the temperature of 100 g
of water by 2.4 C
21
Specific Heat Capacity

Measure of a substances intrinsic
ability to absorb heat

The specific heat capacity is the
amount of heat energy required to
raise the temperature of one gram
of a substance 1C
Cs
units are J/(gC)
The molar heat capacity is the

amount of heat energy required to
raise the temperature of one mole
of a substance 1C
22
Quantifying Heat Energy

The heat capacity of an object is proportional to
its mass and the specific heat of the material

So we can calculate the quantity of heat
absorbed by an object if we know the mass,
the specific heat, and the temperature change
of the object
Heat = (mass) x (specific heat) x (temp. change)
q = (m) x (Cs) x (T)

23
Example 6.2: How much heat is absorbed by a copper

penny with mass 3.10 g whose temperature rises from
8.0 C to 37.0 C?
Sort
Information
Strategize
Given:
T1 = 8.0 C, T2= 37.0 C, m = 3.10 g

q, J
Find:
Conceptual
Plan:
q = m Cs T
Relationships:
Cs = 0.385 J/gC (Table 6.4)
Follow the
Solution:
conceptual
plan to solve
the problem
Check
Check: the unit is correct, the sign is reasonable as the penny
must absorb heat to make its temperature rise

24
Practice Calculate the amount of heat released

when 7.40 g of water cools from 49 to 29 C
(waters specific heat is 4.18 J/gC)
25
Practice Calculate the amount of heat released

when 7.40 g of water cools from 49 to 29 C
Sort
Information
Strategize
Given:
Find:
q, J
Conceptual
Plan:
Relationships:
Follow the
T1= 49 C, T2 = 29 C, m = 7.40 g
q = m Cs T
Cs = 4.18 J/gC (Table 6.4)
Solution:
concept plan
to solve the
problem
Check
Check:
the unit is correct, the sign is reasonable as the

water must release heat to make its temperature fall
26
Example 6.3: A 32.5-g cube of aluminum initially at 45.8 C is

submerged into 105.3 g of water at 15.4 C. What is the final
temperature of both substances at thermal equilibrium?
Given:
Find:
mAl = 32.5 g, Tal = 45.8 C, mH20 = 105.3 g, TH2O = 15.4 C

Tfinal, C
Conceptual
Plan:
Relationships:
qAl = qH2O
Tfinal
q = m Cs T
Cs, Al = 0.903 J/gC, Cs, H2O = 4.18 J/gC(Table 6.4)
Solution:
Check:
the unit is correct, the number is reasonable as the final

temperature should be between the two initial temperatures
27
Practice A hot piece of metal weighing

350.0 g is heated to 100.0 C. It is then
placed into a coffee cup calorimeter
containing 160.0 g of water at 22.4 C.
The water warms and the copper cools
until the final temperature is 35.2 C.
Calculate the specific heat of the metal
and identify the metal.
28
Practice Calculate the specific heat and

identify the metal from the data
Given:
Find:
metal: 350.0 g, T1 = 100.0 C, T2 = 35.2 C

H2O: 160.0 g, T1 = 22.4 C, T2 = 35.2C, Cs = 4.18 J/g C
Cs , metal, J/gC
Concept Plan:
Relationships:
q = m x Cs x T; qmetal = qH2O
Solution:
Check:
the units are correct, the number indicates the

metal is copper
29
Pressure Volume Work

PV work is work caused by a volume change against
an external pressure
When gases expand, V is +, but the system is doing
work on the surroundings, so wgas is
As long as the external pressure is kept constant

Workgas = External Pressure x Change in Volumegas
w = PV
to convert the units to joules use 101.3 J = 1 atmL
30
Example 6.4: If a balloon is inflated from 0.100 L to

1.85 L against an external pressure of 1.00 atm,
how much work is done?
Given:
Find:
V1 = 0.100 L, V2 = 1.85 L, P = 1.00 atm

w, J
Conceptual
Plan:
Relationships: 101.3 J = 1 atmL

Solution:
Check:
the unit is correct; the sign is reasonable because when a gas

expands it does work on the surroundings and loses energy
31
Practice A certain process results in a gas system releasing

68.3 kJ of energy. During the process, 15.8 kcal of heat is
released by the system. If the external pressure is kept
constant at 1.00 atm and the initial volume of the gas is 10.0 L,
what is the final volume of the gas?
(1 cal = 4.18 J, 101.3 J = 1.00 atmL)
32
Practice A certain process results in a gas system releasing 68.3 kJ of

energy. During the process, 15.8 kcal of heat is released by the system.
If the external pressure is kept constant at 1.00 atm and the initial volume
of the gas is 10.0 L, what is the final volume of the gas?
Given:
Find:
Conceptual
Plan:
E == 6.83
68.3xkJ,
104 qJ,=q 15.8
= 6.604
kcal,
x 10
V41J,= V10.0
L, P =
P 1.00
= 1.00atm
atm
1 = 10.0L,
V22,, LL
V
q, E
w
P, V1
V2
Relationships: E = q + w, w = PV, 1 kJ = 1000 J, 1 cal = 4.18 J, 101.3 J = 1 atmL

Solution:
Check:
so both E and q are , and E > q, w must be ; and when w

is the system is expanding, so V 2 should be greater than V1;
and it is
33
Exchanging Energy Between

System and Surroundings
Exchange of heat energy
q = mass x specific heat x Temperature

Exchange of work
w = Pressure x Volume
34
Measuring E,
Calorimetry at Constant Volume
Because E = q + w, we can determine E by measuring q and
w
In practice, it is easiest to do a process in such a way that there
is no change in volume, so w = 0
at constant volume, Esystem = qsystem
In practice, it is not possible to observe the temperature changes
of the individual chemicals involved in a reaction so instead, we

measure the temperature change in the surroundings
use insulated, controlled surroundings
qsystem = qsurroundings
The surroundings is called a bomb calorimeter and is usually

made of a sealed, insulated container filled with water
qsurroundings = qcalorimeter = qsystem
35
Bomb Calorimeter
Used to measure E
because it is a constant
volume system
The heat capacity of the
calorimeter is the amount
of heat absorbed by the
calorimeter for each
degree rise in
temperature and is called
the calorimeter constant
Ccal, kJ/C
36
Example 6.5: When 1.010 g of sugar is burned in a bomb

calorimeter, the temperature rises from 24.92 C to 28.33 C.
If Ccal = 4.90 kJ/C, find E for burning 1 mole
Given:
Find:
Conceptual
Plan:
Relationships:
3 O , C
2.9506g xC10
H22
O11, T
Ccal
4.90
1.010
24.92
C,=T3.41C,
C,= C
4.90 kJ/C
12=
12H22mol
11 T1
2 = 28.33
cal =kJ/C
Erxn
kJ/mol
E
rxn,, kJ/mol
Ccal, T
qcal
qrxn
qrxn, mol
qcal = Ccal x T = qrxn

MM C12H22O11 = 342.3 g/mol
Solution:
Check:
the units are correct, the sign is as expected

for combustion
37
Practice When 1.22 g of HC7H5O2 (MM 122.12) is burned in

a bomb calorimeter, the temperature rises from 20.27 C to
22.67 C. If E for the reaction is 3.23 x 103 kJ/mol, what is
the heat capacity of the calorimeter in kJ/C?
38
Practice When 1.22 g of HC7H5O2 is burned in a bomb

calorimeter, the temperature rises from 20.27 C to 22.67 C.
If E for the reaction is 3.23 x 103 kJ/mol, what is the heat
capacity of the calorimeter in kJ/C?
Given:
Find:
Conceptual
Plan:
Relationships:
3 kJ/mol
9.990
1073H5mol
T =
C,C,
E=
3.23
x 10
kJ/mol
1.22 gxHC
O2, HC
T1=20.27
T22.40
=22.67
E=
3.23
x 310
7H5O2, C,
Ccal, kJ/C
mol, E
qrxn
qcal, T
qcal
Ccal
qcal = Ccal x T = qrxn

MM HC7H5O2 = 122.12 g/mol
Solution:
Check:
the units and sign are correct
39

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Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2nd Ed.

Chemical Hand Warmers

The amount your hand temperature rises

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

System and Surroundings

within which we are studying the energy changes

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

calorie (cal) is the amount of energy needed to

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Energy Flow and

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

graphical way of showing

If the final condition has a

larger amount of internal

If the final condition has a

smaller amount of internal

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Energy diagrams are a

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

system, it must all flow into

When energy flows into the

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

system, it must all come

When energy flows out

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Energy Flow in a Chemical Reaction

In the reaction C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g), there

In the reaction CO2(g) C(s) + O2(g), there

The total amount of internal energy in 1mol

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Energy is exchanged between the system and

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Heat, Work, and Internal Energy

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 6.1: If the burning of the fuel in a potato cannon

qpotato = 855 J, wpotato = 1422 J

the unit is correct, the sign make sense as the fuel

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Practice Reacting 50 mL of H2(g) with 50 mL of C2H4(g)

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

If the reaction produces 3.1 x 102 J of heat and the decrease in

qreaction = 310 J, wsurroundings = 7.6 J

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e