Lecture Notes

EEE 360
George G. Karady

TOPIC 3a
Transformer (Part 1: Single Phase)
Read Chapter : 4.1-4.6

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360 Topic 3a. Transf

Lecture 8

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360 Topic 3a. Transf

Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis
The magnetic circuit consists of a
laminated iron core and a winding.
The AC current in the winding generates an
AC magnetic flux in the core.
The magnetic field is calculated by
Amperes law:

F = I N = H Lc
where: F is the magnetomotive force
N is the number of turns
I is the current
H is the magnetic field
Lc is he magnetic path length

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360 Topic 3a. Transf

Lc

Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis
Magnetic flux density (Weber/m2 or Teslas)
B=H
where:

is the permeability in H/m. = o r

o = 4 10-7 H/m free space permeability (air)

r relative permeability (air r =1, and iron r= 50008000)
The actual value of r is determined from the B - H
magnetization curve of the magnetic material.
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360 Topic 3a. Transf

Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis

The magnetic circuits are built

with laminated core.
The core is made out of silicon
iron sheets.
B - H curves of three magnetic
materials are shown in the
figure.
The permeability of the core is
the slope of the B - H curve.
The operating range is below
the saturation (knee) of the
curve. This region is more or
less linear.

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B - H Curves. (B in teslas, H in amp/m)

1.
5

1.
0

0.
5

360 Topic 3a. Transf

Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis

The sinusoidal AC flux induces voltage in the coil (Faradays Law)

This voltage is equal to the supply voltage if the ohmic voltage drop is neglected.
The induced voltage is:

The equation for the sinusoidal flux

e( tis:
) (t)
N = msin( t)

Therefore, the expression for the induced voltage becomes:

The rms value of the induced voltage is:

d
dt

e( t ) N

d
dt

d
N m cos ( t )
dt

where: V is in volts, f = 60 Hz, and m in Weber

N m
4.44 N f m
2

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360 Topic 3a. Transf

Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis

The substitution of the = I(N A / Lc) in the induced voltage

equation yields:

d
A di
di
eN
N2
L
dt
L c dt
dt

N2 A
where L
Lc

is the inductance

The energy in the magnetic field is integral of the incoming electric

power:
I

di
1
W i e dt i L dt L i di L I 2
dt
2
0

The voltage induced in a second coil placed on the core is:

e2 N 2

d
A di
di
N 2 N1
L1, 2
dt
L c dt
dt

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L1, 2 0

360 Topic 3a. Transf

N1 N 2
A
Lc

Transformer
Magnetic circuit analysis
Numerical example
c

The coil current is 1A in the magnetic

circuit or the enclosed figure. The
flux density in the gap is B = 1.3 T.
The iron core carbon steel
Determine

the flux,
magnetic field H,
number of turns,
coil inductance,
magnetic energy,
the required supply voltage

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gap

V
a
h

h = 8cm, w = 10cm, c = 3cm, b = 4cm

d = 4cm, a = 3cm, gap = 0.1 cm

360 Topic 3a. Transf

Lecture 9

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360 Topic 3a. Transf

Transformer
Ideal Transformer

The transformer has

laminated iron-core and a
primary and secondary
winding
The windings resistance and
leakage flux are zero.
The primary winding is
supplied by a sinusoidal
voltage V1.
The V1 voltage drives a
magnetizing current through
the winding. I1m

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Primary
winding

Secondary
winding

I1m

N1

V1

N2

Laminated iron core

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10

Transformer
Ideal Transformer

Flux generation

Magnetizing current I1m

generates a magnetization flux m
in the iron core.
The flux changes more or less in
sinusoidal form.

I1m
V1

N1

N2

The relation between the flux

and voltage is :

d
V1 N1 m 4.44 f N1 max
dt

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11

Transformer
Ideal Transformer

The ac flux links to the

secondary winding.

The flux change (d m /dt)

induces a sinusoidal voltage
V2 in the secondary winding.

The induced voltage is :

d
V2 N 2 m 4.44 f N 2 max
dt

The ratio of the primary and

secondary voltages is called
the turn ratio:

Voltage generation
I1m
V1

N1

V2

N2

a = V1/V2 = N1/N2

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Transformer
Ideal Transformer

Transformer loaded

A load impedance Z2 is
connected to the secondary.
The secondary voltage V2
drives a load current through
Z2 The current is :

I2

I1m

N1

N2

Load

I2 = V 2 / Z 2

V2
2

The load current generates a

flux 2 that opposes the
magnetization flux m.

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13

Z2

Transformer
Ideal Transformer

Transformer loaded

The load flux 2 induces a

voltage in the primary winding
that opposes the supply voltage. I1m+ I1
The supply voltage is constant.
Therefore the reduction of the
induced voltage increases the
primary current. (I1m+ I1).

The I1 current generates a flux 1

that balances and equalizes the
flux 2 generated by the
secondary current I2.

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360 Topic 3a. Transf

I2

N1

N2

V2
Load

m + 1

14

Transformer
Ideal Transformer

The flux equalization produces the

following effects:

Transformer loaded

The core flux m remains

constant and independent from I1m+ I1
the load.
The primary magneto-motive
force F1 is equal to the
secondary magnetomotive force
F2. Therefore:

I1 N1 = I2 N2

I2

N1

N2

V2
Load

m + 1- 2

This equation assumes that the

magnetizing current Im is
negligible small

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Transformer
Ideal Transformer

The losses are zero in an

ideal transformer. Therefore
the input power (VA) is equal
to the output power (VA).
I 1 V 1 = I 2 V2
The voltage and current
relations are:
a = V1 / V 2 = I2 / I 1
or

Equivalent Circuit
I1

I2 = aI1

V1 = E 1

E2 = V 2

V2 =V1/ a and I2 = I1 a

E2 =E 1 / a

If a transformer increases the

voltage, the current
decreases and viceversa.

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16

Transformer
Ideal Transformer. Numerical example
A 50 kVA, 2400 V / 120 V ideal single-phase transformer is loaded with
40
kVA, pf= 0.8 lagging.
a) Draw the circuit diagram and the equivalent circuit.
b) Calculate the primary and secondary voltages and currents.
Circuit diagram

2400 V

120 V
40 kVA
pf = 0.8 lagging

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Transformer
Actual Transformer
The actual transformer windings
have resistances R1 and R2 , which
are removed from the windings and
placed in series with them.
R1
Part of the primary current
generated flux will not link
the secondary winding. This
flux is the primary leakage
flux 11.
Part of the secondary current
generated flux will not link the
primary winding. This flux is the
secondary leakage flux 22.

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I2

I1
22

11

N1

360 Topic 3a. Transf

R2

N2

18

Transformer
Actual Transformer

IL

1 1
The flux linking the primary winding is: 1 m 11 m
N1

I L
The flux linking the secondary winding is: 2 2
2 m
22 m
N1

and 22 can be replaced by equivalent inductance L1 and L2

respectively
L1

V1

R1 I 1

R2

E2

L2

I2

V2

N2

N1

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Transformer
Actual Transformer

In a real transformer the iron core permeability is not infinite and the
magnetizing current is not negligible. The iron core is represented by a
magnetizing reactance Xm

Hysteresis and eddy currents cause iron losses. These losses are
represented by a resistance Rc which is connected in parallel with Xm

V1

X1

R1

I1

I1

Ic

Im

Rc

E2

Xm
N1

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X2

R2

360 Topic 3a. Transf

I2

V2

N2

20

Transformer
Actual Transformer. Equivalent circuit

jX1

V1

jX2

I1

R1
I1
Ic

Im
Rc

E1

E2

R2
I2

V2

jXm
Ideal Transformer

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Transformer
Simplification of equivalent circuit

The equations for an ideal transformer

E1 = a E2

I1 = I2 /a

The division of the two equation result in

E1
E
a2 2
I1
I2

Z1 a 2 Z 2

An impedance can be transferred from one side to the other by

multiplying by the square of the turns ratio.

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Transformer
Simplification of equivalent circuit
The transfer of the impedances from the secondary to the primary results
in :
I2
ja2 X
a2 R
jX
R
1

V1

I2= I2 /a

I1
Ic

Im
Rc

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E1 = a V 2

E2

V2

jXm

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23

Transformer
Application of equivalent circuit
Classroom exercise 1
A 100 kVA, 7.2 kV / 240 V single phase transformer supplies a variable
load (0% - 120%) with pf = 0.8. (lagging). The transformer data are:
R1 = 15 ohm,

X1 = j 50 ohm,

(Primary side)

R2 = 0.03 ohm, X2 = j 0.05 ohm, (Secondary side)

Rm = 5 kohm,

Xm= j 15 kohm, (Primary side)

a) Draw the circuit diagram and equivalent circuit.

b) Plot the supply voltage vs load if the load voltage is 235 V.

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Lecture 10

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Transformer
Equivalent circuit parameters

The series impedance of a

transformer is calculated
from a short circuit test.
The low voltage side (LV) is
short-circuited and the high
voltage (HV) is supplied by a
reduced voltage which drives
rated current through the
transformer.

Short- circuit test

Isc

sc

A
R educed
v o lt a g e

sh o rt
c irc u it

sc

H V

LV

The voltage, current, and

input power are measured.

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Transformer
Equivalent circuit parameters

The short circuit test gives the

current Isc, the supply voltage
Vsc and the power loss Psc.

The equivalent circuit shows

that the series impedance can
be calculated from this data.
Isc

Re

The series impedance calculation is:

Ze = Vsc / Isc and

Re = Psc / Isc2

Therefore, the equivalent reactance is:

X e Z e2 R e2

Isc sec

jXe

Vsc
HV

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360 Topic 3a. Transf

LV

27

Transformer
Equivalent circuit parameters

Open - circuit test

The magnetizing impedance

of a transformer is calculated
from the open-circuit test.
The high voltage side (HV) is
open and the low voltage side
(LV) is supplied by the rated
voltage, which drives
magnetizing current through
the transformer.

Io

A
open
V
c ir c u it

H V

R a te d
v o lt a g e

LV

The voltages, current and

impute power are measured.

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Transformer
Equivalent circuit parameters

The open-circuit test gives

the magnetizing branch
current Io, the supply voltage
V0 and the iron loss Pc.
The equivalent circuit shows
that the magnetizing
impedance can be calculated
from this data.
Re

If the series impedance is

negligible, the magnetizing
impedance is:

R c = V02 / P0
as

So = V0 I0 and

then
Io

Xm

Q m S0 P0

V0 2

Q0

jXe
Rc

HV

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jXm

Vo

LV

360 Topic 3a. Transf

29

Transformer
Calculation of equivalent circuit parameters
Numerical example
A 100 kVA, 2400 V / 240 V single phase transformer was tested. In the
short-circuit tests, the HV side was shorted and the parameters were
measured at the LV side. In the open-circuit test, the LV side was opened
and the parameters were measured at the HV side. The results of the tests
are :

Short-circuit test (HV shorted) Vs = 80 volt,

Open-circuit test (LV open)

Is = 400 amp, PS = 800 watt

Vo = 2400 volt, Io = 2 amp,

Po = 300 watt

a) Draw the simplified equivalent circuit.

b) Calculate the transformer parameters.

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360 Topic 3a. Transf

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Transformer
Questions to ponder.

Why the discovery of the transformer accelerated the development

of the use of electricity ?

Why the iron or magnetization losses are more important than the
losses caused by the winding resistance ?

Why the transformer has to be cooled ? How it is done ?

What is the connection of the transformer that supplies your

house and where is it ?

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360 Topic 3a. Transf

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