CONTINUUM MECHANICS

Strain at a point
Group 3
Eduard Hutapea (221140 )
Micky kololu (22114028)

 Deformations
At any instant of time t, a continuum having a volume and a bounding surface will
occupy a certain region in physical space. The position of this continuum with
respect to a set of co-ordinate axes is said to be the configuration of the
continuum at the particular time, t.
deformation occurs as a result of relative displacements between points in a body.
As such, the state of deformation in a continuous medium can be defined on either
a purely mathematical sense or on a purely geometrical sense. Thus the problem
is that given the positions of points in a body before and after deformation, it is
required to determine the change in the distance between two arbitrary,
infinitesimally close points in the body irrespective of either the causes of
deformation or the low according to which the body resists this deformation.

 Deformation of continuum medium

A
l

A'
B
B

figure a

figure b

Look
figure b :
Because there is force P thus : A become A
B become B
If we choose segment AB :
called is unit deformation/relative/unitair

presentation of displacement

 General case 3-D

OA =

AA=

OA=

y
O

If we have :

A = operator of transformation
= matrix cooficient constant A= (Aij)
= a11 x + a12 y + a13 z
= a21 x + a22 y + a23 z
= a31 x + a32 y + a33 z
aij constant those given at the point

M
M

A1
A1

M1
A = M1
A1 x A2

A2
A2

M = M1x M2
A
A

A=I=
if i = j ; i j

M2
M2

 Concept of strain
As
discussed
in
the
previous
section,
deformation occurs as a result of relative
displacements between points in a body. If the
shape and size of the body remains unchanged
then this type of deformation is known as a rigid
body motion. However, if the shape and size of
the body are altered, then a state of strain has
been set up. As the body (or continuum) is
transformed from one configuration to another,
the matter in the neighbourhood of each point is
translated and rotated and hance strained.

 Finite strain
Strain may be regarded as normalized displacement. If a structure is
subjected to a stress state, it will deform. However, the magnitude of the
deformation is dependent on the size of the structure as well as the
magnitude of the applied stresses. In order to render the deformation as a
scale-independent parameter, the concept of strain is utilized.
Strain

in its simplest form,

strain is the ratio of
displacement to the
undeformed length

It should be noted that strain is a 3-D phenomenon that requires

reference to all three cartesian coordinate axes. However, it is
instructive to start with 2-D strain, and then once the basic concepts
have been introduced,3-D strain follows as a natural progression.

Figure of normal strain and shear strain

Referring to fig. beside, let B and C be two

Infinitesimally close neighbouring points

In a body before deformation and their new
Positions B and C after deformation.
The cartesian coordinates of these four points
Can be written as follows :
z
B : x, y ,z
C : x + dx, y + dy, z + dz
B: x, y, z or x + ux, y + uy, z + uz
. (1)
C: x + dx, y+ dy, z + dz
Or [x+dx+ux+dux], [y+dy+uy+duy], [z+dz+uz+duz]

In the original configuration, the square

Of the distance between the points B and
c is given by :
. (2)
Similarlly in the deformed state,
. (3)
Expanding (x+dx) and employing
taylors theorem and neglecting terms
Involving higher powers of

C
C
B
B

C
C
B
B
y

. (4)

Thus ,
. (5)
Or , {da} = [F] {da}
.(5a)
Where [F] = matrix containing spatial deformtion gradients.
Subtituting eq. (5) in eq. (3) and expressing in terms of matrix [F],
. (6)

 Infinitesimal strain
Infinitesimal strain is homogeneous strain over a vanishingly small element of
a finite strained body. To find the components of the strain matrix, we need to
consider the variation in coordinates of ends of an imaginary line inside a
body as the body is strained.
The point P with coordinates
(x,y,z) moves when the body
Is strained, to a point P* with
Coordinates (x+ux, y+uy, z+uz).
The components of movement
Ux, uy and uz, may vary with
location within the body, and
so are regarded as functions
Of x, y and z.

If ux = ux* , uy = uy* and uz = uz* , thus

displacement relative between points P and Q
are zero.
Line element wich joint P and Q will
experience length change because there are
load, and body said experience of strain.
Components of displacement (ux, uy, uz)
from point P and (ux*, uy* , uz*) from point Q.

Because :

Thus : displacement inkremental can be express as :

or

{dr} express initial length element line PQ

{express displacement relative from points line element because deformed
from not condition experience of strain to condition experience of strain.


Element
with length dx assumed stretch
Component normal strain :

Components displacement relative because

normal strain :
y

Element
at the plane x-y experienced distorsion.

Because small, element experienced pure shear, thus its
component displacement :
y
magnitude shear strain defined as :

Thus :

With way its same, for element

Which experience pure shear
At the plane y-z and z-x we get :

And

z
Thus component of total displacement become :

y
Or in the matrix :
With {) = matrix of strain
or

we ignore rotation , then : {d}={d, and we get :

Because

Thus

with
the way at same we get matrix T2 (rotation).
Where :

Where :

Multiply from 2 transformation

or

=
= aij xj xi
= aij xj = (aij- )xj
If: A = aij
I=
A= H+I
H = aijRemember : multiply from 2 transformation which make displacement point M to M A = A2 A1

If we have 2 transformation A1 and A2 (very small) :

A1 = H1 + I
A2 = H2 + I
Multiply A1A2 = ( H2 + I)-(H1 +I)
= H2H1 +H1 +H2 +I
A = A2A1 = H1 + H2 + I
A=H+I

H1 H2 very small, can be ignore

So
: multiply 2 transformation matrix A = quantity matrix displacement + I
In our case :

We can write :
pure strain (small)
transformation of rotation (small)
= D+R+I
Where :
H=D+R
So: matrix T = quantity matrix pure strain and matrix rotation.

Change of volume result a transformation

Example : original volume

volume after transformation

=v
= v

aij = determinant from matrix transformation

aij = Hij +
Where :
Hij =
Or :

So :

=1+

(deformation of volumic)

Principal axes

here there is no distortion (because outher components = 0)

called is principal axes

sb3
direction from this axes called is invariant

sb2

If : .(1)

sb1
If there is a direction invariant from this transformation, mean that if there is
a point
m in this direction, then in this transformation m m.
m

m also in the same direction

.. (2)
We search direction from initial medium which verification relations second equation, which remained on the
direction of the invariant verification first equation.

Or
(
so there are 3 equations with 3 unknown parameters (x, y, z) such condition is called: the homogeneous
system

we have demonstrated the system with a single solution :

X=0
Y=0

Z=0
. (3)
,
we find the value of is annulled determinant :
(4)
we have shown that the is symmetry, equation 3 will always have real roots (may be the same).
when the 1, 2, 3 is a root of the equation 3, then: 1, 2, 3 annul each determinant and give direction "invariant

, and
Is a principal directiion and to three axes mutually perpendicular

1, 2, and 3 principal deformation

I1, I2, an I3
principal axes

Deviatoric Strains
Pure deformation have the matrix

Where
Quantity from deformation in the diagonal row = deformation volumic (.

If , decompotition then :

+
Pure
isotrop
deviation
Deformation deformation deformation
matrix 1
matrix 2
Matrix 1 :

All direction is the principal direction

That occurred = volume change ( not form)

Matrix 2 :
- +=0
- That occurred = form change (not volume).

the
meaning of the matrix :

Where :

= 1/3 kk +
meaning 1/3 here is k to 3 major axis direction as large, so it
must be divided by 3.