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CHAPTER 1
Fundamentals of Acoustics and
sounds
Sound
Sound is a result of wave created by
vibrating objects, propagated through
a medium.
It is also pressure fluctuations through
an elastic medium.
Sound waves
propagate
require
medium
to
ACOUSTICS
Study of sound, its production,
transmission or propagation through fluid
and solid media.
MECHANICAL WAVES
A disturbance travelling through medium
transports energy from one location to another.
CompressionRarefaction
Shear waves
Shear waves exist in solids and very viscous liquids. There is
no change in volume and density of materials.
Sound waves in solids are composed of compression waves
(just as in gases and liquids), but there is also a different
type of sound wave called ashear wave, which occurs only in
solids. These different types of waves in solids usually travel
at different speeds.
Properties of a
Sound Wave
Infrasound range
Frequencies below
audible range
Audible range
Ultrasound range
Frequencies above
Frequency range of hearing
audible range.
Humans: 20-20 000Hz
Medical applications
Child: 15-40 000 Hz
2.5 40 MHz
Dog: 20-45 000 Hz
Whale: 1000- 123 000 Hz
Speed of sound
Question
Which of the following actions will increase
the speed of sound in air?
(a) decreasing the air temperature
(b) increasing the frequency of the sound
(c) increasing the air temperature
(d) increasing the amplitude of the sound
wave
(e) reducing the pressure of the air.
Problem
(a) If a solid bar of aluminum 1.00 m long is
struck at one end with a hammer, a pulse
propagates in the bar. Find the speed of sound in
the bar, which has a Youngs modulus of 7.0 X
1010 Pa and a density of 2.7 X 103 kg/m3.
(b) Calculate the speed of sound in ethyl alcohol,
which has a density of 806 kg/m3 and bulk
modulus of 1.0 X 109 Pa.
(c) Compute the speed of sound in air at 400C.
CHAPTER 2
Plane wave
In one-dimensional wave equation, in
x-direction:
The displacement after time t:
y (x , t)= A sin (t-kx)
Complex waves
When
2
or
more
sound
waves
superimposed, they can combine: their
amplitude add algebraically at any point.
Standing waves
standing waves generate when a sound wave is superposed upon
another wave in the same frequency but in different direction .
At f1:
L=
At f2:
L=
At f3: L
=3/2
P1(t)+p2(t) = A1sin(2 ft-kx)+ A2sin(2 ft+kx)
P1(t)+p2(t) = 2A1 cos2 ft . sin kx
Standing waves
Since:
v = 1f1
Then:
f1 = v / 1
Where at f1:
=2L
L =
f1= v/2L
Example (1)
{1} The high E string on a certain guitar measures
64.0 cm in length and has a fundamental frequency
of 329 Hz. When a guitarist presses down so that
the string is in contact with the first fret, the string
is shortened and the frequency becomes 349 Hz.
(a)How far is the first fret from the nut?
Example (2)
(a) Find the frequencies of the
fundamental, second, and third harmonics
of a steel wire 1.00 m long with a mass per
unit length of 2.00 x 103 kg/m and under a
tension of 80.0 N.
(b) Find the wavelengths of the sound
waves created by the vibrating wire for all
three modes. Assume the speed of sound
in air is 345 m/s.
Doppler effect
Example
A train moving at a speed of 40.0
m/s sounds its whistle, which has a
frequency of 5.00 x 102 Hz.
Determine the frequency heard by a
stationary observer as the train
approaches the observer. The
ambient temperature is 24.0C.
= Pm/2
Sound Intensity
The sound power radiated by the source.
w
W or P = I. ds
I=
This is the inverse square law.
It is analogous to the
brightness of light.
It is a power passing
through a unit area (W/m2).
The range of human
hearing :
10-12 1 watt/m-2
Power
It is analogous to the
power of light measured in
watts.
Decibel
B = log (I/I0)
1 B = 10 dB
The decibel is a logarithmic scale used to compare
two as power gain of 2 sources.
L = 10 Log (W2/W1) dB
Lw = 10 log W/W0
Multiple sources
How much the sound wave increases
when 2 sound sources are used
simultaneously?
The sound power level would double:
L = 10 Log (2W/W0) =
3dB+10Log(W/W0)
So the increase is 3dB in the sound
power level.
Example
A noisy grinding machine in a factory produces a
sound intensity of 1.00 X 105 W/m2. Calculate:
(a) the decibel level of this machine.
(b) the new intensity level when another identical
machine is added to the factory.
(c) A certain number of additional such machines are
put into operation along side these two. When all the
machines are running at the same time the decibel
level is 77.0 dB. Find the sound intensity.
Energy
density
Kinetic energy and potential energy are involved
in sound propagation.
Interchange between these two energies occurs
from the compression and rarefaction and the
motion of the propagated medium particles.
Acoustic
impedance
When a pressure is applied to a molecule it will
exert pressure on the adjacent molecule.
The pressure propagates through medium and
depends on the particle speed and the properties
of the medium.
Z = p/u
Acoustic impedance depends on the elasticity of
the medium.