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INSTRUMENTAION
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
LESSON-1
LINEAR VS NON-LINEAR
LINEARITY
NON-LINEAR PROCESS
LINEARITY
HYSTERESIS
HYSTERESIS
HYSTERSIS
ERRORS IN PERFORMANCE
PARAMETERS
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
ENVIRONMENT ERRORS
These errors may be avoided by,
Providing air conditioning.
Hermetically sealing certain components
of instrument
Use of magnetic shields
RANDOM ERRORS
The
SOURCE OF ERRORS
Insufficient knowledge of process parameters &
design conditions
Poor design
Change in process parameters, irregularities,
upsets etc
Poor maintenance
Errors caused by the people who operate
instrument
Certain design limitations
PRESSURE
RELATION Pab-Pg-Patm
RELATION Pab-Pg-Patm
HYDROSTATIC EQUATION
PRESSURE MEASURMENT
PRESSURE SENSING
DEVICES
COMMON DEVICES
BOURDON TUBES
DIAPHRAGMS
BELLOWS
PRESSURE SENSING
MECHANISM
BOURDON GUAGE
C-BOURDON TUBE
TYPES
DIAPHRAGMS
DIAPHRAGMS
DIAPHRAGM SENSING
GUAGE
SELECTION OF DIAPHRAGM
MANOMETERS
The manometer is simplest pressure measuring
device used for gauge pressure measurement
U-Tube Manometer
Well-type Manometer
Inclined Manometer
Differential Manometer
U-TUBE MANAOMETER
U-TUBE MANOMETER
This is used for measurement of liquid or
gas pressures. The manometer is filled
with a manometric fluid whose specific
gravity is known. The difference between
the pressures on two limbs of the
manometer is a function of h (the
difference between the levels of the
manometric fluid in the two limbs).
DIFFERNTIAL MANOMETER
ERRORS IN MANOMETER
Effect of Temperature
Capillary effect
Effect of variable meniscus
MANOMETRIC FLUID
ADV-DIS-ADV -MANOMETER
Advantages:
They are simple in construction
High accuracy and sensitivity
Reasonable cost
Suitable for low pressure and differential
pressures
Disadvantages:
Not portable
Need levelling
INSTALLATION
PRESSURE RANGE
COMPARATORS
The general principle of comparator is to
indicate the differences in size between the
standard and the work being measured by
means of some pointer on a scale with sufficient
magnification
FEATURES
All comparators consist of three basic features
1. A sensing device which faithfully senses the input signal
2. A magnifying or amplifying system to increase the
signal to suitable magnitude. Mechanical, Optical,
Pneumatic, hydraulic and electronic methods are used
for this purpose.
3. A display system (usually a scale and pointer) which
utilizes the amplified signal to provide a suitable
readout.
CLASSIFICATION
1. Mechanical
2. Optical
3. Electrical &Electronic
4. Pneumatic
5. Fluid displacement comparators
6. Mechanical- optical comparator
7. Electro-mechanical comparator
8. Multi-check comparator.
ELECTRICAL PRESSURE
TRANSDUCERS
STRAIN GUAGE
TYPES OF SIGNALS
PNEUMATIC SIGNALS
Pneumatic signals are signals produced
by changing air pressure in a signal pipe
in proportion to measured change in a
process variable
The
common
industry
standard
pneumatic signal range is 3-15 psig
The 3 psig corresponds to LRV and 15 is
HRV
ANALOG SIGNAL
The most common standard electrical
THANK YOU