LABORATORY

MATHEMATICS
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SOLUTION
Can be defined as a homogenous
mixture of two or more
substances
Solute
Solvent

CONCENTRATIONS
A.PERCENT SOLUTIONS
3 means of expressing Percent
Concentrations
1. % w/v (weight/volume)
2. %w/w (weight/weight)
3. %v/v (volume/volume)

CONCENTRATIONS
A.PERCENT SOLUTIONS
1. % w/v (weight/volume)

used as a unit of measurement

when the solute is a solid and the
solvent is a liquid
Unit: grams per 100 mL
x (g)
g = ----------------------------- [ x (mL)
desired solution]
100 mL

CONCENTRATIONS
A.PERCENT SOLUTIONS
1. % w/v (weight/volume)
What weight of glucose is needed
to prepare 100 mL of a 15% w/v
solution?
How to prepare the solution?

CONCENTRATIONS
A.PERCENT SOLUTIONS
x (g)
g = ----------------------------- [ x (mL) desired
solution]
100 mL
15 g
g = -------------- x 100 mL
100 mL

g = 15 grams

CONCENTRATIONS
A.PERCENT SOLUTIONS
1. % w/v (weight/volume)
How many grams are contained in 500
mL of a 3% solution of sodium
chloride?
Atomic Weights
Na = 22.99
Cl = 35.45

CONCENTRATIONS
A.PERCENT SOLUTIONS
2. % w/w (weight/weight)

using the weight of the final

solution rather than the volume
Unit: grams per 100 grams
x (g)
g = ----------------------------- [ x (g)
desired solution]
100 g

CONCENTRATIONS
A.PERCENT SOLUTIONS
2. % w/w (weight/weight)
Make 300 grams of a 20% w/w
aqueous solution of sodium
chloride.
a. weight of the solute?
b. weight of the solvent?

CONCENTRATIONS
A.PERCENT SOLUTIONS
2. % w/w (weight/weight)
How many grams of water are
needed to prepare 400 grams of
a 0.9% w/w solution of sodium
chloride?

CONCENTRATIONS
A.PERCENT SOLUTIONS
3. % v/v (volume/volume)

both solute and the solvent are

liquids
Unit: milliliters per 100 milliliters
x (mL)
mL = ----------------------- [ x (mL)
desired solution]
100 mL

CONCENTRATIONS
A.PERCENT SOLUTIONS
3. % v/v (volume/volume)
a. How much ethanol is needed to
prepare 150 milliliter of a 15% v/v
solution? How to prepare the
solution?
b. Describe how to prepare 200 mL
of a 5% v/v solution of methanol
starting with absolute alcohol.

CONCENTRATIONS
B. MOLARITY
the number of moles of solute in
one liter of solution
Unit: moles/Liter
Weight of the solute
Molarity = ------------------------------------------------Molecular weight x Liter of solution

CONCENTRATIONS
B. MOLARITY
How many grams of sodium hydroxide
are contained in 500 milliliter of a 4
molar solution?
4 moles40 g

1L

g = ---------- x -------------- x 500 mL x

--------------1L
1 mole
= 80 grams

1000 mL

CONCENTRATIONS
B. MOLARITY
A solution contains 3.5 grams of
hydrochloric acid in 1 liter. How
many millimoles does it contain?

CONCENTRATIONS
C. MOLALITY
the number of moles of solute in
1000 grams (1 kilogram) of solvent
rather than final solution
Unit: moles/1000 grams
(moles/kilogram)
Weight of the solute
Molality = ------------------------------- ---------Molecular weight x kilogram

CONCENTRATIONS
C. MOLALITY
the number of moles of solute in 1000
grams (1 kilogram) of solvent rather
than final solution
Unit: moles/1000 grams
(moles/kilogram)

What is the molality of a solution if 127

grams of sodium chloride were dissolved
in 1000 grams of distilled water?

CONCENTRATIONS
D. NORMALITY
the concentration is based on
equivalent weight
Unit: Equivalents/Liter (eq/L)
Weight of the solute
Normality = ----------------------------------------------Equivalent weight x Liter of solution

CONCENTRATIONS
D. NORMALITY
Equivalent Weight
The mass of an element or compound
that will combine with or replace one
mole of hydrogen
Is dependent on the total charge of
the positive ion, or the valence, of the
element
MW
EW = ---------------------Valence

CONCENTRATIONS
D. NORMALITY
If the compound is an acid, an
equivalent is the quantity of
substance that contains one
replaceable hydrogen
If it is a base or a salt, an equivalent
is the quantity of a substance that
will react with one replaceable
hydrogen

CONCENTRATIONS
D. NORMALITY
What is the normality of a solution
that contains 150 grams of sodium
chloride per liter?
Eq 150 g
1 eq
1 mole
---- = ---------- x -------------- x --------------L
1L
1 mole
58.5 g
= 2.56 equivalent/Liter (2.56 Normal)

CONCENTRATIONS
E. CONVERSIONS
Convert 5 molar sulfuric acid to
normality
Eq 5 moles
2 eq
---- = ------------ x -------------- = 10
equivalents/liter
L
1L
1 mole

CONCENTRATIONS
E. CONVERSIONS
Convert 12 normal phosphoric acid
to molarity
moles 12 eq
1 mole
--------- = ------------ x -------------- = 4
moles/liter
L
1L
3 eq

CONCENTRATIONS
E. CONVERSIONS
Convert 0.4 molar sodium hydroxide to
%w/v
g
0.4 moles
40 g
--------- = ------------ x -------------- x
----------------100 mL
1L
1 mole

0.1 L

100 mL

= 1.6 grams/100 mL or 1.6% w/v

CONCENTRATIONS
F. DILUTIONS

Simple Dilutions
C1V1 = C2V2
Proportion
Serial Dilutions

CONCENTRATIONS
F. DILUTIONS

Simple Dilutions
a weaker solution is made
from a stronger solution
Diluent + Aliquot
Commonly expressed as one
part of the original solution to
the total parts of final solution

CONCENTRATIONS
F. DILUTIONS

Simple Dilutions
Volume of the Solute
DILUTION =
-----------------------------Total Volume

CONCENTRATIONS
F. DILUTIONS

Calculate the dilution if 5 mL of

serum are diluted with 15 mL of
saline solution
5 mL
1
DILUTION = -------------- =
4 = 1:4
20 mL
x

---------- =

CONCENTRATIONS
F. DILUTIONS

Make 250 mL of a 1:5

dilution of serum in saline
solution

CONCENTRATIONS
G. V1 X C1 = V2 X C2
Involves changing a solution of
known volume and
concentration (V1xC1) to one
weaker concentration (V2xC2)
Three of the four values must
be known to solve the
equation.

CONCENTRATIONS

1. How much 20%

alcohol is required
to make 1L of 10%
alcohol?

CONCENTRATION

How much of a 25M stock

solution would be needed
to produce 500mL of a
10M solution?

Concentration
Proportion:
Volume =
________C_________
A
+
B

Concentrations
A procedure calls for NaOH
and water with the
proportions of being 4
parts of NaOH to 6 parts of
water. 100mL are needed.
How much NaOH and how
much water are required?

CONCENTRATIONS
H. SERIAL DILUTIONS:
Constitutes a series of dilutions of
progressive, regular increments in
which each subsequent dilution is
less concentrated than the preceding
dilution by a constant amount, N.