Worksite Hazard Analysis

Objectives
Discuss the sub elements of worksite hazard

analysis
Identify typical hazards in the workplace
Review various techniques that can be used
to identify hazards in the workplace

Hazards Vs. Unsafe Behavior

Unsafe behavior sometimes leads to unsafe

conditions that can cause accidents.

Consider Maintenance Operations

Unsafe behaviors may show weakness in the

safety management system.

Effective Worksite Analysis

Worksite analysis involves a variety of worksite

examinations, to identify not only existing

hazards, but also conditions and operations
where changes might occur to create hazards
Effective management actively analyzes the work
and the worksite to anticipate and prevent
harmful occurrences

Plan for Worksite Analysis

Comprehensive Facility

Surveys
Change Analysis
Routine Job Hazard
Analysis (JHA)
Periodic and Daily
Inspections

Comprehensive Survey
Comprehensive surveys should be performed

depending on the business size and

hazardousness every 1-3 years
Resources for comprehensive survey: private
consultants, insurance company, and state
funded programs

Change Analysis
Change analysis is simply the management of

change in the work environment.

Changes in the following items need to be reviewed:

Facilities
Materials
Process Technology
Equipment

Change Analysis
A competent team consisting of managers,

engineers, superintendents and employees

should be involved
How can you best manage change in the
work environment?

Job Hazard Analysis

A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on

job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they

occur.
It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the
task, the tools, and the work environment.
After uncontrolled hazards are identified, take action
to eliminate them or reduce risk.

Job Hazard Analysis

Performing a job hazard analysis is one of the

best methods to develop safe work

procedures for the equipment that is
operated.
The JHA can also be used to train employees
in the hazards associated with task and what
control measures should be practiced.

JHA Team
A Job Hazard Analysis requires the

cooperation of all parties involved that

includes:
Safety Professional
Engineers-Technical Advisor
Supervisors-Frontline Personnel responsible
for making change
Employee-Person most familiar with job

Communication of the JHA

Safety Meetings
Distribution of Copies
SOP and Operations Manual
What are some other methods?

___________________
___________________

What are the Possible Uses of a

JHA
1._________________________
2._________________________
3._________________________

Prioritization of JHA
Jobs with the highest

injury and illness rates

Jobs that have the
potential to cause
serious injury
Jobs in which one
simple human error
could cause injury

Jobs complex enough to

have written instructions

Jobs that are new to you
facility
Jobs that significantly had
changes in process
technology or procedures

Steps for JHA

Involve Employees
Review accident history
Conduct preliminary job

review

List, rank, and set

priorities for hazardous

jobs
Outline the steps or
tasks

Involvement of Employees
They have a unique understanding of

the job, and this knowledge is

invaluable for finding hazards.
Involving employees will help minimize
oversights, ensure a quality analysis.
Get workers to buy in to the solutions
because they will share ownership

Job Review
Discuss with employees the hazards that they know

exist.
Brainstorm with them for ideas to eliminate or control
those hazards.
If any hazards exist that pose an immediate danger,
to an employees life or health, take immediate action
to protect the worker.
Any problems that can be corrected easily should be
corrected as soon as possible.

Outline the Steps

Watch the employee perform the job and list each

step as the worker takes it.

Be sure to record enough information to describe
each job action without getting overly detailed.
Avoid making the breakdown of steps so detailed
that it becomes unnecessarily long or so broad that it
does not include basic steps.

Outline the Steps

Review the job steps with the employee to

make sure you have not omitted something.

Include the employee in all phases of the
analysisfrom reviewing the job steps and
procedures to discussing uncontrolled
hazards and recommended solutions.

Identifying the Hazards

A job hazard analysis is an exercise in

detective work. Your goal is to discover the

following:
What can go wrong?
What are the consequences?
How could it arise?
What are other contributing factors?
How likely is it that the hazard will occur?

Common Hazards in the

Workplace
Stressor

Hazard Type Hazard Type Hazard Type

Chemical

Corrosive

Fire
Explosion

Electrical

Shock

Short Circuit Fire-Static

Mechanical

Moving
Parts

Failure

Ergonomic

Strain

Human Error Fatigue

Toxic

Noise
Pressure

Common Hazards in the

Workplace
Stressor

Hazard
Type

Hazard Type Hazard

Type

Radiation

Ionizing

Non
Ionizing

Contact

Struck By

Struck
Against

Caught In

Environment

Temp.

Visibility

Weather

Misc.

Slips

Trips

Falls

Hazard Identification Workshop

Based on the following slides of machinery,

identify the potential hazards.

Hint: Use the previous tables and analyze the

machinery and work environment

Prepare to discuss your findings.

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Hazard Identification

Controlling the Hazards

The order of precedence and effectiveness of

hazard control is the following:

1. Engineering controls.
2. Administrative controls.
3. Personal protective equipment.

Controlling the Hazards

The most effective controls are engineering controls

that physically change a machine or work

environment to prevent employee exposure to the
hazard.
The more reliable or less likely a hazard control can
be circumvented, the better.
If this is not feasible, administrative controls may be
appropriate.
This may involve changing how employees do their
jobs.

Controlling the Hazards

Discuss your recommendations with all

employees who perform the job and consider

their responses carefully.
If you plan to introduce new or modified job
procedures, be sure they understand what
they are required to do and the reasons for
the changes.

Engineering Controls
Engineering controls include the following:

Elimination/minimization of the hazard

Substitution of equipment or process to decrease
hazard
Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guards,
blast shields, or other means; and
Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local
and exhaust ventilation.

Administrative Controls
Administrative controls include the following:
Written operating procedures, work permits, and safe
work practices;
Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to
control heat stress and ergonomic hazards);
Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials;
Alarms, signs, and warnings;
Buddy system; and training

PPE
Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as a

control method in the following circumstances:

When engineering controls are not feasible or do not

totally eliminate the hazard;
While engineering controls are being developed;
When safe work practices do not provide sufficient
additional protection; and
During emergencies when engineering controls may
not be feasible.

JHA Exercise
We are going to perform

an exercise on grinding
metal casting.
Based on the steps,
please identify the
hazards and controls.

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

Job Title:
Job Description:
Date Conducted
Task Step

Comments:

Task Hazard

Cause

Hazard Control
Measures

Periodic Review of JHA

Reviewing job hazard

analysis ensures that it

remains current and
continues to prevent
accidents and injuries.
It is possible that during the
review process you will
identify hazards that were
not identified in the initial
analysis.

Review the JHA after

accidents, you may

determine that you need to
change the job procedure to
prevent similar incidents.
Review after all close calls
and discuss the situation
with all employees that do
the job.

Safety and Health Inspections

Cover entire worksite
Regular intervals
Inspectors trained
Hazards tracked to

correction

Objectives for Inspections

There may be many objectives to the

inspection process:
Meet OSHA or other legal responsibility
Involve the team
Identify areas of undue risk and control
hazards
Identify and develop positive attitudes
Suggest better methods of doing job

Inspections
OSHA recommends that you perform general

workplace inspections.
Check the standard so that you know what
must be inspected.
What are some examples of items that must
be inspected?

Employee Involvement
What are some reasons for involving

employees in the process?

Demonstrate commitment to safety
Allow them to become familiar with the
process safety requirement.
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________

Documenting the Inspection

A checklist of workplace specific hazards

should be developed. To accomplish this:

List the potential hazards in the workplace
Examine the work areas to locate hazards
Check with employees and records

Resources for Checklist

Insurance and safety consultants
Accident/incident investigation reports (past

problems)
Small business handbook
Manufacturer Specifications
JHA and/or employee input
Standards that apply to industry

Checklist Development
Avoid making the checklist: vague, excessive detail,

and overwhelming.
Checklist is a tool.
As the inspectors become more skilled, the less
reliance there will be on this checklist.
You should get the point that hazards rarely are
identified and hazards are corrected immediately.

Examination of the Workplace

Identify conditions that might develop
Location of the hazard
Severity potential

Safety Inspection Report

Safety Inspection Workshop

Mock inspection of a company is to be

performed.
Identify the hazards in the slides and rate the
severity.
Be prepared to discuss your results.

Inspection Report
Date:

Inspection Team:

Number &
Classification

Findings

Hazard Classification
A = Loss of life, body part, extensive damage
B = Serious injury or property damage
C = Non-disabling injury or minor damage

Safety Inspection

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Safety Inspection

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Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection

Hazard Reporting
Effective hazard reporting systems will:
encourage employees to report hazards and
effectively track them for prioritizing.
create feedback between management and
the employee reporting the hazard.
have a system to analysis the hazards
reported to determine its effectiveness.

Accident Investigation
All accidents and incidents need to be

investigated.
What is an accident?
Why do we investigate accidents?
Why should near misses be investigated?

Accident Investigation

Causes of Injuries and Accidents

Direct Causes
Indirect Causes
Root Causes

Trend Analysis
Trends need to analyzed over time to identify

any emerging patterns of injury and intervene

to prevent its recurrence.
Review injury records over time
What items should be trended over time to
determine any emerging pattern?

Summary
Worksite hazard analysis consists of:

Change analysis
JHA
Workplace inspections
Hazard Reporting
Trend Analysis

Effective programs will result in the identification of

potential and existing hazards.

Task Analysis Tools

Review the Basics

Risk Factors
Ergonomic Body Divisions

Risk Factors
Force
Frequency
Posture
Duration
Contact Stress
Environment
Vibration

Ergonomic Body Division

Upper Extremity
Lower Extremity
Trunk

Recognizing a WMSD Problem

Use OSHA 200/300 logs
Accident Reports
Workmans Compensation info
Employee Surveys
Visual Cues

Body Part
Discomfort Form
and Rating Scale

What is a Task Analysis Tool

A narrative, quantitative and/or checklist system

that provides a standardized evaluation of a

job/task

Tools based on biomechanical and

physiological information compiled and

calculated providing a relative risk of
injury probability

Can be specific for body region and/or

risk factors

Why do we need these tools?

Provide guidance

Where to begin corrective actions

Helps direct efforts toward specific body
division, risk factors

Involve employees

Employees can perform assessments

Provide a level of measurement

Shows improvement of tasks

Baseline data

How do we use them?

Two criteria for use:

What are you trying to find out?

General vs. Specific information

What limitations must be considered?

Various tools are only able to assess

specific body regions

Types of Analysis Tools

Checklists

Easy to use

Less time consuming

Minimal training

Very sensitive: One check,

task must be considered

Types of Analysis Tools

Quantitative

Less sensitive
More specific training

Provide a relative risk assessment

Types of Analysis Tools

Narrative

More formal training and

experience required

Provides specific areas

for improvement

Very time consuming

Checklists
Washington State Checklist (WISHA)
NIOSH
University of Michigan

WISHA
Checklist system that identifies

caution or hazard zone jobs

Incorporates each of the risk factors

including vibration and contact stress

Has separate evaluation for heavy,

frequent or awkward lifting

Uses verbal cues to guide user through

evaluation criteria

Not generally left or right side independent

WISHA
Does address combination of risk factors
Great first cut ergonomic tool
Draw Backs

High sensitivity: identify many jobs

Doesnt separate frequency component
by body part

Using WISHA
3 basic sections

Entire body checklist

Lifting hazard section
Vibration hazard analysis

Entire body checklist

Identify if a particular hazard exist as a

result of a risk factor for a body part
If a hazard exists then corrective action is
needed

Using WISHA
Lifting hazard analysis

Calculated weight limit is adjusted by:

Compares the actual weight lifted to a

calculated weight limit

Actual weight lifted > Weight limit =

Hazard exists

Using WISHA
Vibration hazard analysis

Compares the time an employee uses the

machine to a pre-measured vibration
value

Plot time vs. vibration data on graph

Intersection point indicates degree of

hazard

Vibration data: www.lni.wa.gov/wisha/ergo

Job Strain

Quantitative Tools
Job Strain Index
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment
ACGIH Threshold Limit Value HAL
Rapid Entire Body Assessment
Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis
Snook Push/Pull Hazard Tables

Job Strain Index

Only evaluates hand, wrist and elbow

(distal upper extremity)

Assess task based on posture, frequency

and force

FORCE driven
Doesnt consider vibration or contact stress
Index based on a relative risk (1-1053)

7 considered hazardous

Job Strain Index

Can assess right and left sides independently as

well as worst case

Used in meat packing, small part assembly,

keyboarding and other highly repetitive hand

motions

Strain Index Elements

Intensity of exertions (force)
Duration of Exertion (% cycle)
Efforts per minute
Hand/wrist posture
Speed of work
Duration of task per day

Using the Job Strain Index

Assign a value for each of the 6 elements
Multiply each element = strain index
Compare calculated value to decision threshold

provided

Decision Threshold

<3 safe
3-5 uncertain
5-7 some risk

Job Strain

Job Strain

JHA/Work Methods

JHA/Work Methods
Videotaping Tips
Announce the name of the job on the tape
Tape 5 to 10 minutes for each task
At least 3-4 cycles
Start with whole body shots and then zoom in on

problems areas

Try different angles to get the best shot

JHA/Work Methods
Step 1: Breaking The Job Down
List each step in order of occurrence
Be sure to record enough information
Can use Gilbreths terms to describe steps
Can use video or photos

JHA/Work Methods
Gilbreths Table of Work Elements
Search
Select
Grasp
Reach
Move
Hold
Position
Inspect

Assemble
Disassemble
Use
Unavoidable Delay
Avoidable Delay
Plan
Rest to overcome fatigue

JHA/Work Methods
Step 2: Identify the Hazards
Look for Risk Factors in each job
Repeat the job observation until all

hazards identified

Video and photos can be especially helpful

Consider abnormal activities and conditions

JHA/Work Methods
Step 3: New Procedure or Protection
Can the job be performed in another way?
Can you make physical changes to the job?
Does the job have to be performed?

Can it be done less often?

Work Methods

Work Methods

What does the worker need to

know from this presentation?