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Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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PART FOUR

Working in Groups

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Working in Teams
Chapter Summary
Characteristics of Groups and Teams
Types of Groups and Teams
Approaches to Working in Groups and
Teams
Problem-Solving Communication
Effective Communication in Groups and
Teams
Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 4

Characteristics of Groups and Teams

Characteristics of Teams
Size

(five to seven
people)
Interaction
Interdependence
Duration
Goal Directedness

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Characteristics of Groups and Teams

What Makes a Group a Team?
Clear

and Inspiring Shared Goals

Results-Driven Structure
Competent Team Members
Unified Commitment

Continued...
Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Characteristics of Groups and Teams

What Makes a Group a Team?
Collaborative

Climate
Standards for Excellence
External Support and Recognition
Principled Leadership

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Types of Groups and Teams

Face-to-Face Teams
Virtual Teams

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Approaches to Working in Groups and

Teams
Centralized Leadership
Trait Approach

(physical attractive, sociability, intelligence,

desire for leadership, and originality)
Style Approach (authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire)
Contingency Approaches (best leadership style is flexible)
(leader member relations; task structure; and leaders
powers)
Life cycle Approach
Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 9

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Approaches to Working in Groups and

Teams
Self-Directed Work Teams
When to Use Self-Directed Teams
Characteristics of Self-Directed Teams
Technical or Functional Expertise
Problem-Solving and DecisionMaking Skills
Interpersonal Skills
Continued...
Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Approaches to Working in Groups and

Teams
Self-Directed Work Teams
Shared Power in Groups
Legitimate / Position Power
Coercive Power (power to punish)
Reward Power
Expert Power
Referent Power
Information Power
Connection Power

Continued...

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Approaches to Working in Groups and

Teams
Leadership Emergence
Chosen by methods of residues, consisting of two
phases.
If you are in a run for a leadership position:
Talk often
Dont push too hard.
Show your competence.

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 13

Problem-Solving Communication
Reflective Thinking Sequence
Define the Problem
Analyze the Problem
Establish Criteria for a Solution
Consider Possible Solutions to the Problem
Decide on a Solution
Implement the Solution
Follow Up on the Solution

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Problem-Solving Communication
Stages in Group Problem Solving
Orientation Phase
Conflict Phase
Emergence Phase
Reinforcement Phase

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Problem-Solving Communication
Stages in Group Problem Solving
Figure 8-2: Cyclical Stages in an Ongoing Group

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Problem-Solving Communication
Decision-Making Methods
Consensus
Majority

Vote
Minority Decision
Expert Opinion
Authority Rule
Choice of a Decision-Making Method

Continued...
Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 17

Problem-Solving Communication
Decision-Making Methods
Choice

of a Decision-Making Method
What Type of Decision is Being Made?
How Important is the Decision?
How Much Time is Available?
What Are the Personal Relationships Among
Members?

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Effective Communication in Groups and

Teams
Recognize Both Group and Personal Goals
Sometimes

an individuals goal in a group is

identical to the shared goal of the group.
Problems occur when an individuals goal
conflicts with the group.
See Table 8-3: Group Process Variables
Associated with Productivity

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 19

Effective Communication in Groups and

Teams
Promote Desirable Norms
Enforcing

Norms of the Group or Team

Delaying Action
Hinting About the Violation
Discussing the Problem Openly
Ridiculing and Deriding the Violator
Rejecting or Isolating the Deviant
Continued...
Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Effective Communication in Groups and

Teams
Promote Desirable Norms
Create

Desirable Norms Early

Comply with Established Norms
Whenever Possible

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Effective Communication in Groups and

Teams
Promote an Optimal Level of Cohesiveness
Shared

or Compatible Goals
Progress Towards Goals
Shared Norms or Values
Minimal Feelings of Threat Among Members
Interdependence Among Members
Competition from Outside the Group
Shared Group Experiences

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 22

Effective Communication in Groups and

Teams
Avoid Excessive Conformity
Illusion

That the Group is Invulnerable

Tendency to Rationalize or Discount Negative Information
Willingness to Ignore Ethical or Moral Consequences of the Groups Decision
Stereotyped Views of Other Groups
Group Pressure to Conform
Self-Censorship
Illusion of Unanimity
Mindguards

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Slide 23

Effective Communication in Groups and

Teams
Encourage Creativity
Conduct

a Warm-Up Session
Generate Possible Solutions
Eliminate Duplicate Ideas
Evaluate Ideas

Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.