Instrumentation

&

Who am I ?
Khan M. Nazir
MSc(Elect Engg), UET Lahore.
Served in Pakistan Army Corps of Electrical & Mechanical
Engineering for 22 years.
Served as Military Technical Liaison Officer in USA for more than
Four years.
Also served as country manager for a Japanese parts manufacturing
company
Was Instructor in Army; taught Radar & Control Equipment.
Teaching University students since 1998. Have taught Basic
Electronics, Signals & Systems, Communication Systems, Digital
Logic Design, Circuit I , Circuit-II, Electrical Machines,
Instrumentation & measurements, Engineering Management, and
Engineering Ethics.
By the Grace of Almighty Allah, had the opportunity to see following countries:

USA, UK, Canada, Japan, China, Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong,

Argentina, Brazil, Bangladesh, and Saudi Arabia.

Grading Policy
Quizzes & Assignments
Mid
End-term

- 25 Marks
- 25 marks
- 50 marks

Grading Policy..
There will be 4 quizzes (Two quizzes before mid and
two after mid ) and 1 assignment (project) each
carrying 5 graded marks.
Each quiz will be followed by a repeat quiz
for the poor performers and absentees.
The repeat quiz will have 80% weightage.

How to get a good grade ?

Attendance Policy
Max 7 absentees allowed (after add/drop period).
Attendance will be taken in the first 5
minutes.
No marks are allotted for being
regular/punctual in class, but this may help
if you are a borderline case.

Upon Completion of the course, the students will be able to:-

a.
Define Characteristics of Instrumentation and Measurements.
b. Define Types of Errors and Carry out Error Analysis
c.
Differentiate between Units and Dimensions and Carry out
Dimensional Analysis
d.
Explain various types of Standards of Measurements and
Measurement Methods, and carry out Statistical Analysis.
e. Explain Different types of Measuring Instruments and Calculate
Various Parameters.
f. Perform Resistance, Inductance, Capacitance, and frequency
Measurements using Bridge Circuits.
g. Discuss working of Electronic Instruments
h. Explain Working of Various Types of Display Devices, including
Oscilloscopes, Plotters, and Spectrum Analyzers.
i. Design Signal Conditioning Circuits
J. Explain various Types of Sensors, and Design Data Acquisition
System.
K. Discuss working of High Voltage Measurement Systems.

Instrument : Tool or equipment for

Sensing
Detecting
Measuring
Recording
Controlling
Communicating

Instruments used in Industry

Process instrumentation and analytics for the
pharmaceutical and life science industries
Pressure Measurement
Temperature Measurement
Flow Measurement
Level Measurement
Valve Positioning
Weighing Technology
Gas Analytics
Industrial Communication

Elements of a
generalized
measurement
system

Elements of a generalized measurement system.

Part-2

Characteristics of
Instruments and
Measurement
Systems

Performance Characteristics of measurement systems

A knowledge of the performance characteristics of

instruments is very important for selecting the most
appropriate instrument for a specific measuring job.
It consists of two characteristics: namely static and
dynamic characteristics.

Static
characteristics

Static Performance of Instrument

The following terms specify the static characteristics of
the measuring systems and devices:
1. Accuracy

10. Scale Readability

19. Linearity

2. Precision

11. Stability

20. Instrument
Hysteresis

3. Bias

12. Zero Stability

21. Dead Time

4. Repeatability 13. Resolution

22. Dead Zone

5. Tolerance

14. Responsiveness

23. Friction

6. Reliability

15. Drift

24. Backlash

7. Deviation

16. Uncertainty

25. Overshoot

8. Scale Span

17. Static Sensitivity

9. Live Zero

18. Instrument
Efficiency

Accuracy
* Accuracy refers to the degree of closeness
to the True value of the quantity under
measurement.
The only time a measurement can be exactly
correct is when it is a count of a number of
items.
In all other cases there will be difference
between the true value and the measured value
by an instrument. That is, there will be
measurement error.

Precision
Precision is the measure of consistency or
repeatably of measurement.
Precision is an indicator of the closeness
between repeated readings (Readings do not
have to be close to an expected or true value to be
considered precise, they just need to be close to each other

Resolution
Resolution is the fineness to which an
instrument can be read.

What is the resolution here ?

Sensitivity
Sensitivity is the smallest unit of a given
parameter that can be meaningfully
detected with the instrument when used
under reasonable conditions.
For example, assume the sensitivity of a DMM in
the volts function is 100 nV. With this sensitivity,
the DMM can detect a 100 nV change in the
input voltage.

Sensitivity to disturbance

Dynamic
characteristics