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A SEMINAR REPORT

ON
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION

By
PRAJNYA PRIYADARSINI MISHRA
Regd.0901106020

REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION

INTROUDUCTION
.
Major industrial loads

,for example,
transformers, furnaces, induction motors
etc need reactive power for sustaining
magnetic field.

DEFINATION
Any device which is connected in series or

parallel with load and which is capable of


supplying reactive power demanded by
load is called reactive power compensation
device.

Power factor
Power

factor is the cosine of angle


determined by the inverse tangent ratio of
reactive power and real power.
The closer this angle is zero ,the lesser is
the requirement of reactive power.
Power factor below 0.85 is regarded as low
power factor

REAL, REACTIVE, AND APPARENT


POWERS
Reactive

power is not delivered as effective


mechanical power output unlike real power which is
effectively converted as mechanical power output.
The portion of power averaged over a complete AC
waveform, is the real power; that is, energy that
can be used to do work (for example overcome
friction in a motor, or heat an element).
On the other hand, the portion of power flow that is
temporarily stored in the form of magnetic or
electric fields, due to inductive and capacitive
network elements, and then returned to source, is
known as reactive power.

The figure shows the relationship between the

reactive power,active power, and apparent power


on a power factor angle .
The load is uncompensated.If the conductor is
fully loaded,the arc of the circle represents the
maximum power output.
The less the power factor angle of the circuit,
higher the apparent power,higher the losses,for
the same amount of real power.
Uncompensated
Q

CosQ=p/
s
Load
SinQ=Q/
S S

Compensated load
Qc=P (tanQtanQ1)
Qc
Q

S
S1
p

THERE ARE TWO MAJOR WAYS OF REACTIVE


COMPENSATION

Shunt compensation:
Shunt capacitors are connected in parallel
in the system and are used mainly for power
factor improvement and in harmonic filters. It
also boosts the voltage of the bus. This also
known as load compensation.

SHUNT COMPENSATION

V-1

source

Vr
Q

V2

Load

JX
P
Q

V2

Shunt compensation with


current source
Source

V
Q

P
V2
Q
P

V
Z2

L
o
a
d

J
X
R

Series compensation
Series capacitor are connected in series in the

lines and are used mainly for boosting the


receiving
end
voltage,
increase
in
transmission capacity and reduction in losses
in the lines.
It also improve power factor at the sending
end of the line.
Unlike shunt capacitor whose output depends
on the voltage, the voltage improvement by
series capacitors increase with increase in
load current.
In other word the series capacitor is a self
regulating type. Series compensation is also
known as live compensation.

SERIES COMPENSATION

Source

V
1

v
I V2
c

I
p Q

V
2

L
o
a
d
JX
R

SERIES COMPENSATION WITH


VOLTAGE SOURCE

v1

sour
ce

V2

Vcomp

V2
v1
v2
If

V2

Vcomp
J
X

l
o
a
d

FIXED COMPENSATION VS
DYNAMIC COMPENSATION
FIXED COMPENSATION:-Here the reactive

power fed by the capacitors to the system


is fixed. These are basically breaker
controlled capacitors and are used in
system which has constant load having a
set pattern of operation.

DYNAMIC COMPENSATION:-Here the

reactive power fed by the capacitors to the


system is dynamic. This is done using
thyristor controlled capacitors. These are
used in systems where the loads are
fluctuating in nature like arc furnace loads.

BENEFITS OF REACTIVE POWER


COMPENSATION
Better efficiency of power generation,

transmission and distribution


Improvement in voltage
Reduced KVA demand
Higher load capability.
Reduced system losses.

Conclusion
why capacitors are used as reactive power

compensation device?
A capacitor is said to be generator of reactive
power. When a capacitor is connected across
a load, it provides reactive power to the load.
Dielectric materials make it possible to
increase the output per unit and to reduce
losses, thus making the compensation by
means of capacitor more profitable.

Thanks

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