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29.11.2012
Origin
The multidisciplinary approach to the study of
development first arose before the turn of the
Twentieth Century as an integration of
Embryology
(Study of embryonic
development)
ytology
( Study of cellular
structure and function)
enetics
(Study of inheritance)
Definition
History
page 2
Wilhelm Roux believed that the fertilized egg receives substances that
represent different characteristics of the organism, this "qualitative division"
fixes the fate of the cells
History
page 3
When Driesch separated the blastomeres from 4- and 8-cell embryos, each
isolated blastomere regulated its development so as to produce a complete
organism.
(A) an early amphibian embryo is split almost into two parts with a hair
loop.
(B) an amphibian embryo at a somewhat later stage receives a graft of a
small cluster of cells from another embryo at that stage.
Result: a single embryo to develop into a pair of conjoined (Siamese)
twins.
History
page 4
The Role of hereditary Material
in develpoment
Blastula
After fertilization egg divides and produce a hallow sphere
of epithelial cells surrounding a cavity is known as blastula
Gastrulation
The fertilized egg cell divides to form many smaller cells. These
cohere to create an epithelial sheet.
Much of this sheet remains external, constituting the ectoderm
the precursor of epidermis and nervous system.
A part of the sheet becomes tucked into the interior to form
endodermthe precursor of the gut and its appendages, such
as lung and liver.
Another group of cells move into the space between ectoderm
and endoderm, and form the mesodermthe precursor of
muscles, connective tissues, and various other components.
This transformation of a simple ball or hollow sphere of cells
into a structure with a gut is called gastrulation.
Cell Fate
Positional Values
In the chick embryo the leg and the wing originate at about the same
time in the form of small tongue-shaped buds projecting from the
flank (side).
The cells in the two pairs of limb buds appear similar and uniformly
undifferentiated at first.
But a simple experiment shows that this appearance of similarity is
unreliable.
A small block of undifferentiated tissue at the base of the leg bud,
from the region that would normally give rise to part of the thigh, can
be cut out and grafted into the tip of the wing bud.
Remarkably, the graft forms not the appropriate part of the wing tip,
nor a misplaced piece of thigh tissue, but a toe.
Positional Values
Normal condition
Apoptosis
The control of cell numbers in development depends on cell death as well as cell
division.
If apoptosis is prevented in the body, cells will grow uncontrollably and cause
cancer.
For example, people with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) typically have
1025 times many white blood cells than normal.
Apoptosis confers advantages during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the
separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because
cells between the digits undergo apoptosis.
Caenorhabditis elegans generates 1030 somatic cell nuclei in the course of its
development, but 131 of the cells die by apotosis.
Thus programmed cell deaths occur in an absolutely predictable pattern.
Apoptosis