Deflection: Virtual Work

Method; Beams and

Frames
Theory of Structure - I

Contents
Method

of Virtual Work:

Beams
Frames

Department of

Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames

Vertical Displacement
Real load

Virtual unit load

w

x1

Cv

x1

RA

x2

rA

M1
x1

B
rB

RB
M2

x2

x1

m1

x2

m2

B
V1

RA

V2

x2

v1
rA

RB
L

Department of

1 Cv
0

m M
dx
EI

v2

rB

 Slope

Real load

Virtual unit couple

w

x1

B
C

x1
RA

x2

x2

rA

rB

RB
M1

x1

M2

m1

x2

m2

B
V1

RA

V2

x2

v1
rA

RB
L

1 C
0

Department of

v2

rB

m M
dx
EI

Example 8-18
The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.

P
B

C
2a

Department of

C
a

Displacement at C

SOLUTION

Real Moment M

Virtual Moment m
1 kN

x1

x2

2a

x1

x1
2

P
2
M

m2 = -x2

-a
L

m M
1
(1kN )( C ) dx
EI
EI
0
3

1 P x
C ( )( )( 1 )
EI 4 3

Department of

2a
0

x2

2a

3
2

m 1

1
2
m

3P
2

M1

2a

Px1
2

-Pa

M2 = -Px2

x1
Px1
1
(

)(

)
dx

0 2 2 1 EI 0 ( x2 )( Px2 )dx2
3

P x
( )( 2 )
EI 3

a
0

1 P 8a 3
P a3
Pa 3
( )( )(
) ( )( )
,
EI 4 3
EI 3
EI

Slope at C
Virtual Moment m
x1

Real Moment M

x2

P
1 kNm

A
2a

1
2a
m

1
2a

m 1

x1
2a

-1
L

mM
1
(1kN m)( C ) dx
EI
EI
0
3

1 P x
C ( )( )( 1 )
EI 4a 3

2a
0

Department of

x1

A
2a
P
2
M

m 2 1
2a

x2
a

3P
2

M1

Px1
2

-Pa

M2 = -Px2

x1
Px1
1
(

)(

)
dx

0 2a 2 1 EI 0 (1)( Px2 )dx2

2

1 Px
( )( 2 )
EI
2

a
0

1 P 8a 3
1 Pa 2
7 Pa 2
( )( )(
) ( )(
) (
),
EI 4a 3
EI
2
6 EI

Example 8-19
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 250(106) mm4.

3 kN/m
A

Department of

5m

SOLUTION

Vertical Displacement at B
Real Moment M

Virtual Moment m
x
A

1 kN

5m
x

-1x = m

5m

1 kN

x
2

3x 2

M
2

234.375kN m 3
B
kN
(200 106
)(250 10 6 m 4 )
m

3x

m M
1
3x 2
1 3x 3
1 3x 4
(1kN )( B )
dx
( x)(
)dx

EI
EI 0
2
EI 0 2
EI 8
0

Department of

3 kN/m

234.375kN 2 m 3
)
0
EI

= 0.00469 m = 4.69mm,

Slope at B

SOLUTION

Real Moment M

Virtual Moment m
x
A

1 kNm
B

5m
x

-1 = m

1 kNm

5m
x
2

3x 2

M
2

62.5kN m 2
B
kN
(200 106
)(250 10 6 m 4 )
m

3x

m M
1
3x 2
1 3x 2
1 3x 3
(1kN m)( B )
dx
(1)(
) dx

EI
EI 0
2
EI 0 2
EI 6
0

Department of

3 kN/m

62.5kN 2 m 3
)
0
EI

= 0.00125 rad,

10

Example 8-20
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

5 kN

14 kNm
A

B
2m

Department of

2m

3m

11

Virtual Moment m
x1
A
0.5 kN
2m

1 kN

Displacement at B

x2

B
2m

Real Moment M

x3
C
0.5 kN
3m

A
1 kN

m1 0.5 x1 1

m 2 0.5 x2

5 kN

14 kNm x
1

14

x2

B
2m

2m

x3

C
6 kN

D
3m

M1 = 14 - x1

M2 = 6x2
m M
m
(1kN )( B )
dx
EI
0
2
2
3
1
1

(0.5 x1 )(14 x1 )dx1

(0.5 x2 )(6 x2 )dx2 (0)(0) dx3

EI 0
EI 0
0
L

1
1
1 7 x1 0.5 x1 2
1 3 x2
2
2

(
7
x

0
.
5
x
)
dx

(
3
x
)
dx

(
)(

(
)(
)
1
1
1
2
2

0
EI 0
EI 0
EI
2
3
EI
3

2
0

20.667
20.667 = 0.00172 m = 1.72 mm,

EI
(200)(60)

Department of

12

Slope at B

Virtual Moment m
x1
A
0.25 kN
2m
m

x2
B

1 kNm
2m

x3

Real Moment M

C
0.25 kN
3m

A
2m

2m

C
6 kN

D
3m

M2 = 6x2

m
L

x3

M1 = 14 - x1

14

m2 = -0.25x2

x2

1 kN

m1 = 0.25x1
0.5
-0.5

5 kN

14 kNm x
1

mM
1
1
(1kN m)( B ) dx
(
0
.
25
x
)
(
14

x
)
dx

(0.25 x2 )(6 x2 )dx2 (0)(0)dx3

1
1
1

EI
EI
EI
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
1
2
2

(
3
.
5
x

0
.
25
x
)
dx

1
.
5
x
1
1
1
2 ) dx2
EI 0
EI 0
2

1 3.5 x1 0.25 x1 2 1
1.5 x2 2

)
(
)
0
0
EI
2
3
EI
3
2.333
2.333
= 0.000194 rad
B

EI
(200)(60)
Department of

13

Example 8-21
(a) Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the
frame. (b) Draw the bending moment diagram and deflected curve.
E = 200 GPa
I = 200(106) mm4

5m
B

C 4 kN
EI

2 kN/m
1.5 EI

6m

Department of

14

Real Moment M

Virtual Moment m

x2

5m
B

x2

C 4 kN
M2= 12 x2

m2= 1.2 x2
12 kN

2 kN/m
M1= 16 x1- x1

x1

C 1
1.2 kN

6m

16 kN

x1

m1= x1
1 kN

A
12 kN

1.2 kN

mM
1
1
2
(1kN )( CH )
dx
(
x
)
(
16
x

x
)
dx

(1.2 x2 )(12 x2 )dx2

1
1
1
1

EI
1.5 EI 0
EI 0
0
6

1
1
2
3
2

(
16
x

x
)
dx

(
14
.
4
x
)dx2
1
1
1
2

1.5EI 0
EI 0
3

CH

1 16 x1 x1 6 1 14.4 x2 5 552 600

1152

(
)0
(
)0

= + 28.8 mm ,
1.5 EI
3
4
EI
3
EI
EI (200)(200)

Department of

15

Real Moment M

Virtual Moment m

x2

5m
B

x2

C 4 kN
M2= 12 x2

m2= 1-x2/5
12 kN

2 kN/m
M1= 16 x1- x1

x1

1 kNm

1/5 kN
6m

x1

16 kN

m1= 0
A

A
12 kN

0
1/5 kN

mM
1
1
x2
2
(1kN m)( C )
dx
(
0
)
(
16
x

x
)
dx

(
1

)(12 x2 )dx2
1
1
1

EI
1.5EI 0
EI 0
5
0
5

1
12 x2
0
(
12
x

)dx2
2

EI 0
5
2

1 12 x2 12 x2 5 50
50
C
(

EI
2
5 3 0 EI (200)(200)

Department of

= + 0.00125 rad ,

16

CH= = 28.87 mm
5m
B

C 4 kN

C = 0.00125 rad ,

12 kN

2 kN/m

6m
A 16 kN
12 kN

60

4
-

-12

60
+

V , kN

M , kNm

16

Department of

17

Example 8-22
Determine the slope and the vertical displacement of point C on the frame.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 15(106) mm4.

5 kN
C

3m

60o

B
2m
A

Department of

18

Displacement at C

Virtual Moment m

Real Moment M

1 kN
1 kN

3m

x1

x1

30

v1

1.5 m
1.5 kNm

1 kN
1.5 kNm
2m

5 kN

30

1 kN

7.5 kNm
5 kN

m2 = -1.5
3

V1

30o
M1 = -2.5x1

N1
5 kN

1.5 kNm

n2

x1

B 1.5 m

m1 = -0.5x1

n1

x2

30o

x2
v2

3 mx

5 kN

7.5 kNm
2m

7.5 kNm
x2
V2

x2
A

N2

M2 = -7.5

m M
1
1
(1kN )( Cv ) dx
(

0
.
5
x
)
(

2
.
5
x
)
dx

(1.5)(7.5) dx2
1
1
1

EI
EI 0
EI 0
0
3 3
2
1 1.25 x1
1
33.75
33.75
2
Cv
(
)0
(11.25 x2 ) 0

= 11.25 mm ,
EI
3
EI
EI
(200)(15)

Department of

19

Slope at C

Virtual Moment m

Real Moment M
5 kN

1 kNm
3m

1 kNm

C
x1

x1

30

v1

C
x1
30

30o

1.5 m

m1 = -1

n1

1 kNm

3m

7.5 kNm

2m

1 kNm
x2
v2

x2
A

n2
L

V1

30o
M1 = -2.5x1

N1

5 kN
7.5 kNm

7.5 kNm
x2
V2

x2

2m

m2 = -1
3

x1

1.5 m

5 kN
1 kNm

5 kN

N2

M2 =
=--7.5
7.5

mM
1
1
(1kN m)( C ) dx
(

1
)
(

2
.
5
x
)
dx

(1)(7.5)dx2
1
1

EI
EI 0
EI 0
0
2
2
1 2.5 x1 3 1
26.25
26.25
C
(
)0
(7.5 x2 ) 0

= 0.00875 rad,
EI
2
EI
EI
(200)(15)

Department of

20

Virtual Strain Energy Caused by Axial Load, Shear, Torsion, and Temperature
Axial Load
L

Un

nN
dx
AE

0
Where
n = internal virtual axial load caused by the external virtual unit load
N = internal axial force in the member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity for the material
Bending
L

Ub
0

mM
dx
EI

Where
n = internal virtual moment cased by the external virtual unit load
M = internal moment in the member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
E = modulus of elasticity for the material
I = moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the the neutral axis

Department of

21

 Torsion
L

tT
dx
GJ
0

Ut

Where
t = internal virtual torque caused by the external virtual unit load
T = internal torque in the member caused by the real loads
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
J = polar moment of inertia for the cross section, J = c4/2, where c is the
radius of the cross-sectional area

Department of

22

 Shear
L

Us K(
0

vV
)dx
GA

Where
v = internal virtual shear in the member, expressed as a function of x and caused
by the external virtual unit load
V = internal shear in the member expressed as a function of x and caused by the
real loads
K = form factor for the cross-sectional area:
K = 1.2 for rectangular cross sections
K = 10/9 for circular cross sections
K 1 for wide-flange and I-beams, where A is the area of the web
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
A = cross-sectional area of a member

Department of

23

 Temperature

T1
O

dx

T2 > T1

T2

d
Tm

T1 T2
2
M

T1

T1

2c

y
T2 > T1

T = T2 - T1

c
T2

T2

T
y
2c

y
T1

T
y )dx
2c
T
(d ) ( )dx
2c

(d ) y (

U temp md
L

Department of

U temp m(
0

T
)dx
2c

24

Example 8-23
From the beam below Determine :
(a) If P = 60 kN is applied at the midspane C, what would be the
displacement at point C. Due to shear and bending moment.
(b) If the temperature at the top surface of the beam is 55 oC , the
temperature at the bottom surface is 30 oC and the room temperature is 25 oC.
What would be the vertical displacement of the beam at its midpoint C and the
the horizontal deflection of the beam at support B.
(c) if (a) and (b) are both accounted, what would be the vertical
displacement of the beam at its midpoint C.
Take = 12(10-6)/oC. E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4 and A =
35(103) mm2. The cross-section area is rectangular.
C

A
2m

Department of

B
2m

25

 Part (a) :

SOLUTION
P
x

V
diagram

2m

P
x
2
L

0.5 kN

0.5
P
x
2

m
diagram

0.5x

L/2

L/2

Kv V
1 P dx
i i dx 2 K ( )( )
GA
2 2 GA
0
0

Department of

0.5 kN

0.5

mi M i
x Px dx
2 Px 3

dx 2 ( )( )

(
)
EI
2
2
EI
EI 4 3
0
0
L

shear

v
diagram
P/2
PL/4

P/2

P/2

M
diagram
bending

2m

P/2

1 kN

KPx

2GA

L/2
0

L/2
0

0.5x

PL3
60(4) 3

= 2 mm,
48 EI 48(200)(200)

KPL
1.2(60)(4)

4GA 4(80)(35000)

C bending shear = 2 + 0.026 = 2.03 mm,

= 0.026 mm,

26

SOLUTION
260 m

Part (b) : Vertical displacement at C

C

55 oC,
30 C
2m

2m
1 kN

T1=55oC

B
0.5 kN

0.5 kN

0.5x

Tm

260 mm

m
diagram

T2=30 C
Temperature profile
o

55 30
42.5
2

Troom = 25 oC ,

0.5x

- Bending
m (T )
(1kN )( Cv )
dx
2
c
0
L

Department of

(T ) 2
(12 10 6 )(25) 0.5 x 2
2
(0.5 x)dx 2
(
)
3
2c 0
( 260 10 )
2

Cv = -2.31 mm ,

2
0

27

 Part (b) : Horizontal displacement at B

260 m
A

55 oC

30 C
2m
o

2m

T1=55oC

Tm

260 mm

1 kN A

1 kN

T2=30 C
Temperature profile
o

n
1
diagram

- Axial

55 30
42.5
2

Troom = 25 oC ,

(1kN )( BH ) n (T )dx
0

Cv = 2.31 mm ,

BH = 0.84 mm

(T ) (1) dx
0

(12 10 )(42.5 25)( x)

Deflected curve

Department of

BH = 0.84 mm ,

28

4
0

 Part (c) :
P
260 m

30 C
o

C 55 oC

C = -2.03 + 2.31 = 0.28 mm,

P
A

C = 2.03 mm

+
C = 2.31 mm
55 oC,
A

Department of

30 C
o

29

Example 8-24
Determine the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.If the
temperature at top surface of member BC is 30 oC , the temperature at the bottom
surface is 55 oC and the room temperature is 25 oC.Take = 12(10-6)/oC, E = 200
GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4 and A = 35(103) mm2 for both members.
The cross-section area is rectangular. Include the internal strain energy due to
axial load and shear.
5m
B

C 4 kN
260 mm

2 kN/m

EI,AE,GA

1.5 EI,1.5AE, 1.5GA

6m

Department of

30

5m

x2

Virtual load
C 1

1.2

1.2 kN
6m

x1
A

Axial, n (kN)

1 kN
1.2
1.2 kN

-1.2

-1.2
Shear, v (kN)

1
A

Department of

1.2x2

1x1
Moment, m (kNm)

31

Real load

x2
5m
B

12 B

C 4 kN

12 kN

2 kN/m

Axial, N (kN)

6m
x1
16 kN

12 A

A
4

16 - 2x1

60

12 kN
C
-12

-12
Shear, V (kN)

16

60

12x2

Department of

Moment, M (kNm)

16x1 - x12

32

Due to Axial
1.2

x2

12 B

4
C

AE
1.5AE
Virtual Axial, n (kN)

Real Axial, N (kN)

6m

x1
1.2

5m
12 A

A
(1kN )( CH )

CH

ni N i Li
Ai Ei

(1.2)(12)(6) (1)(4)(5)

1.5 AE
AE

77.6kN 2 m

AE
77.6kN m
(35000 10 6 m 2 )(200 106

Department of

kN
)
m2

= 1.109(10-5) m = 0.0111 mm,

33

Due to Shear

x2
GA

-1.2
1.5GA
x1
1
A

-1.2

Virtual Shear, v (kN)

16 - 2x1

-12

-12
Real Shear, V (kN)

16

(1kN )( CH ) K (

6m

5m

vV
)dx
GA

(1)(16 2 x1 )
(1.2)(12)
1.2
dx1 1.2
dx2
1.5GA
GA
0
0
2

5
1.2
2 x1 6 1.2
134.4kN 2 m
(
)(16 x1
) 0 ( )(14.4 x2 ) 0
1.5GA
2
GA
GA

134.4kN m
= 4.8(10-5) m = 0.048 mm,
kN
6
6
2
of(80 10 m 2 )(35000 10 m )

CH

Department

34

Due to Bending
6

x2

60

1.2x2

12x2

60

EI
16x1 - x12

1.5EI

1x1

Virtual Moment, m (kNm) 6 m

x1

Real Moment, M (kNm)

5m
A

A
L

(1kN )( CH )
0

mM
dx
EI
6

1
1
2

(
x
)
(
16
x

x
)
dx

(1.2 x2 )(12 x2 )dx2

1
1
1
1
1.5 EI 0
EI 0
3

1 16 x1 x1 6 1 14.4 x2 5 1152 kN 2 m 3

(
)0
(
)0
1.5EI
3
4
EI
3
EI
1152 kN m3
= 0.0288 m = + 28.8 mm ,
CH
kN
6
6
4
Department of (200 10 m 2 )(200 10 m )

35

Due to Temperature
30oC

55oC
260 mm
x2
Troom = 25oC

1.2x2

C
B

1.2

1x1

1
C

m (kNm)

x1
A

n (kN)

5m
A
T1=30oC

260 mm

Tm= 42.5oC

1.2

- Bending

m (T )
(1.2 x2 )(12 10 6 )(55 30) 2
(1kN )( CH )
dx
dx
3
2
c
(
260

10
)
0
0
L

CH = 0.0173 m = 17.3 mm ,
T2=55oC

Temperature
profile

Department of

- Axial
L

(1kN )( CH ) n (T )dx
0

(1)(12 10 6 )(42.5 25) dx2

0

CH = 0.00105 m = 1.05 mm ,

36

Total Displacement
( CH )Total ( CH ) Axial ( CH ) Shear ( CH ) Bending ( CH )Temp

= 0.01109 + 0.048 + 28.8 + (17.3 + 1.05) = 47.21 mm

CH= 47.21 mm
B

C 4 kN

2 kN/m

Department of

37

Department of

38