SUPPORT & MOVEMENT

SCIENCE
FORM 2
CHAPTER 8
NAMA PELAJAR : MUHAMMAD AMMAR FAIZ BIN ABD MANAB
TINGKATAN : 2 CEMERLANG

CONTENT :

8.1:SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS .

8.2:SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS .

8.3:APPRECIATING THE SUPPORT

SYSTEMS IN LIVING THINGS .

8.1:SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN
ANIMALS
(VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES)
~ Vertebrates are animals with backbones.
~ Invertebrates are animals without
backbones.

~ VERTEBRATE

Vertebrates are supported by internal

skeleton of bones called endoskeleton .

VERTEBRATE

The function of endoskeleton

are :
(a) to support the body weight
(b) to protect the internal organs
(c) to maintain the shape of the body

LAND VERTEBARTE

The land vertebrates have to support

their own body weight.
Hence, the endoskeletons of land
vertebrates are normally BIG and
STRONG.

AQUATIC VERTEBRATE

The body weight of aquatic vertebrates

supported by the buoyancy of water .
Hence, the endoskeletons of aquatic
vertebrates are smaller.

INVERTEBRATE

i)
ii)

The support systems of invertebrates

consist of
Exoskeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton

INVERTEBRATExoskeleton

Cuticle is an exoskeleton which is made

of chitin.
It covers and protects the body .
Bees , flies , cockroaches , scorpions ,
crabs and prawns are supported by
cuticle.

INVERTEBRATE-Hydrostatic
skeleton

Invertebrates which have soft bodies

such as worms , leeches and caterpillars
are supported by the body fluid pressure
called hydrostatic pressure .

8.2 : SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN

PLANTS
1. WOODY PLANTS :
a) The woody plants are supported by woody tissues.
b) Some of the examples of woody trees are rubber
trees , rambutan trees and durian trees.
c) Some woody plants have additional features to
help them.
i) Buttress roots
ii) Prop roots
iii) Stilt roots

BUTTRESS Roots

Casuarina trees have buttress roots to

provide additional support to the stems .

PROP Roots

Banyan trees and maize plants have

prop roots to give them extra support.

STILT Roots

Mangrove trees have stilt roots which

provide extra support to the stem and
help them to obtain sunlight.

NON-WOODY PLANTS
i) Non-woody plants have
soft stems.
ii) The turgidity of the cells
provides support to these
non-woody plants.
iii) Some on the examples of
non-woody plants are yam
plant, leafy vegetables and
balsam plant.

NON-WOODY PLANT

Some non-woody plants have weak

stems which are unable to support the
plants.
However, they have other features to
help them.
a) Tendrils
b) Thorns and prickles
c) Clasping roots

TENDRILS

Cucumber plants and pumpkin plants

climb andgrow upwards using tendrils .

THORNS AND PRICKLES

Bougainvillea plants , rattan plants and

rose plants climb using thorns.

TWINING STEMS

Morning glory plants twine around other

plants to help them climb higher in order
to get enough sunlight.

CLASPING ROOTS

Money plants and pepper plants climb

by clasping.