C PROGRAMMING

TUTORIAL

By: gajendra singh rathore

OUTLINE

Overview
History
Features
Role of C Compiler
Flowchart
Sample C Program 1
Character Set
Data Types
Variables
C is Case Sensitive
C Token
Sample C Program 2
Control Statements
Common Programming Errors
Assignment

OVERVIEW OF C

C language is
Structured
High

level

Machine
Follows

independent

top down approach

HISTORY

ALGOL
In

1960s
First language using a block structure

BCPL
In

1967
Basic Combined Programming Language

In

1970
Added feature of BCPL
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CONTD

C
Evolved

from ALGOL, BCPL & B

Developed

between 1969 and 1973 along with Unix

Developed

at AT & Ts Bell Laboratories of USA

Designed

and written by Dennis Ritchie

5

FEATURES

C is PortableThis means a program written for one

computer may run successfully on other computer
also.
C is fast
This means that the executable program obtained
after compiling and linking runs very fast.
C is compact
The statements in C Language are generally short
but very powerful.
6

CONTD

Simple / Easy
The C Language has both the simplicity of High Level
Language and speed of Low Level Language. So it is
also known as Middle Level Language

C has only 32 Keywords

C Compiler is easily available

C has ability to extend itself. Users can add their own

functions to the C Library

ROLE OF C COMPILER
Compiler:

converts source to object code for a specific platform

Linker: resolves external references and produces the
executable module
Typically C programs when executing, have four different files
Source Code file that is created by user and the executable
statements are written. This file is saved with a file extension of
.c.
Header files contains the declaration of functions and preprocessors statements. Header files have .h as their extension.
Object files are the output from the compilers. .o or .obj are
the typical extension to such files.
Binary executables are an output of the process of linking.
Binary executables have .exe as their extension.
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FLOWCHART

Flow charts are symbolic diagrams of operations and

the sequence, data flow, control flow and processing
logic in information processing.
These charts are used to understand any working
sequence of the program.
Flow char is a graphical representation of algorithm.
An algorithm defines as the step by step procedure or
method that can be carried out for solving
programming problems.
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CONTD
Advantages of flowchart:

It provides an easy way of communication

because any other person besides the
programmer can understand the way they are
represented.
It represents the data flow.
It provides a clear overview of the entire program
and problem and solution.

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CONTD

It checks the accuracy in logic flow.

It documents the steps followed in an algorithm.

It provides the facility for coding.

It provides the way of modification of running

program.
They shows
relationship.

all

major

elements

and

their
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FLOWCHART SYMBOLS

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CONTD

Terminator
This symbol represents the beginning and end
point in a program. We use start and stop option
in it.
Input / Output Symbol
This symbol is used to take any input or output in
the algorithm.
Process Symbol
A rectangle indicates the processing, calculation
and arithmetic operations

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CONTD

Decision Symbol
It is used when we want to take any decision in the
program.
Connector Symbol
This symbol is used to connect the various portion of
a flow chart. This is normally used when the flow
chart is split between two pages
Data Flow Symbol
This symbol is used to display the flow of the
program. It shows the path of logic flow in a program.

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SAMPLE C PROGRAM
main() --------------Function name
{
------------Start of Program
.
. -------- Program statements
.
} --------------- End of Program

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CONTD
/*

Filename
: hello.c
Description : This program prints the greeting
Hello, World!

*/

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
void main( )
{
{

printf ( Hello, World!\n ) ;

printf ( Hello, World!\n);
return 0 ;
getch();
}
}

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FLOWCHART FOR HELLO.C

int main ()
{
printf("Hello, world!\n");
}
Start

Output Hello, world!

End

An oval denotes either

the start or the end of
the program, or a halt
operation within the
program (which well
learn about later).
A parallelogram
denotes either an input
operation or an output
operation.
An arrow denotes the
flow of the program.
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CONTD
Comments
Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer
Used to describe program
int main()
Programs execution starts from the main function
Parenthesis used to indicate a function
int means that main "returns" an integer value
Braces ({ and }) indicate a block
The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces

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CONTD
o

Preprocessor directives
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

The #include directives paste the contents of the files

like stdio.h and conio.h into your source code, at the
very place where the directives appear.
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CONTD

These files contain information about some library

functions used in the program:
stdio stands for standard I/O,
conio stands for console I/O
stdlib stands for standard library,
string.h includes useful string manipulation functions.

Want to see the files? Look in /TC/include

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CONTD

#define MAX_COLS 20
#define MAX_INPUT 1000

The #define directives perform global replacements:

every

instance of MAX_COLS is replaced with 20,

and every instance of MAX_INPUT is replaced with
1000

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CONTD
commonly

used stdio.h functions:

printf()

Output function
Syntax:
printf(.) ;

scanf()

Input function
Syntax:
scanf(format specifier, &var,&var2);

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CONTD

commonly used conio.h functions:

clrscr()

Used to clear the screen

getch()

Used to get a character from ouput screen to

come into the edit screen.

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CHARACTER SET
These are the characters that C recognizes.
Letters (upper case and lower case)
AB C D E F G H I J K LM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklm
nopqrstuvwxyz

Digits
0123456789

Special Characters (punctuation etc)

space (also known as blank)
" ( ) * + - / : =
!&$;<>%?,.
#@{}[]\|

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CONTD

256 characters are allowed in C.

A

Z : 65 to 90
a z
: 97 to 122
0 9
: 48 to 57
Special symbols[ #, &, `]
Control characters[\n, \t . ..]
Graphic characters
Total

26
26
10
32
34
128
256

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DATA TYPES
C support several different types of data, which may be
represented differently within the computers memory.
o

o Types
1] Primary
Integer
Float
Double
Character

2] Derived
Arrays
Pointers
Structure

3] User Defined
typedef
enum

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 Primary Data Types

CONTD

Data Types
1] char
signed char
unsigned char

Byte
1
1
1

Format Specifier
%c
%c
%c

2] short
short signed int
short unsigned int

2
2
2

%d
%d
%u

3] int
signed int
unsigned int

2
2
2

%d
%d
%u

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Data Types
Byte
4] long
4
CONTD
long signed int
4
long unsigned int
4

Format Specifier
%l
%ld
%lu

5] float
signed float
unsigned float

4
4
4

%f
%f
%uf

6] double

%lf

7] Long Double

10

%Lf

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TYPE CASTING

It is used to convert on data at a time.

We can have two types of type casting.

Implicit
Explicit

Implicit : This converts narrow type to wider type so that

user can avoid the information to the system.

Explicit : Explicit type casting is done

programmer manually. When the programmer
result of an expression to be in particular type,
use explicit type casting. This type casting is
casting operators ( ) and data type.

by the
wants a
then we
done by
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CONTD

#include <stdio.h>

void main( )
{
int base, height, area;
base = 5;

height =3;
area = (base * height)/2;

printf ( Area = %d \n, area);

}
Output : Area = 7

. Incorrect
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CONTD

#include <stdio.h>

void main( )
{
int base, height, area;
base = 5;

height = 3;
area = ((float) (base * height)/2);

printf ( Area = %d \n, area);

}
Output : Area = 7.5

.Correct
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USER DEFINED DATA TYPE

[A] Type Definition
Allows

user to define an identifier that would

represent an existing data type

Syntax:
Eg:

typedef type identifier

typedef int units;

units batch1, batch2;
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CONTD
[B] Enumerated data type
Syntax:

enum identifier { value1, value2...

valuen}
Eg:

enum day{ Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,

Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}

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VARIABLES
Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's
memory
Data name that may be used to store a data value
It may take different values at different times during
execution
Eg:
char x;
char y = e;

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CONTD

Rules
Must begin with a letter(), some system permits
underscore as first character.
Length should be not more than 8 characters
Uppercase and lowercase are significant, (i.e.) total
and TOTAL are different
Variable should not be a keyword
White space is not allowed

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C IS CASE SENSITIVE
C is case sensitive: it distinguishes between UPPER case
(CAPITAL) and lower case (small) letters.
Keywords in C for example, the keyword int MUST be
in lower case. For example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{ /* main */

int height_in_cm;
height_in_cm = 160;

printf("My height is %d cm.\n",height_in_cm);

} /* main */

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C TOKENS
Keywords
Identifiers
Constants
Strings
Special Symbol
Operators

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CONTD
Keywords
C uses 32 keyword
have fixed meaning and cannot be changed

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Constants
Quantity that does not change is called a constant.

CONTD
Types

Numeric constants
Integer constants 123, -33
Real constants 0.992, 3.5e2

Character constants
Single character constants 5, a
String Constants Hello, 1999
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CONTD
Backslash Characters Constants
\n Newline
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\t Tab or horizontal tab
\a Audible alert
\r Carriage return
\v Vertical Tab
\ Single Quote
\ Double Quote
\? Question Mark
\\ - Backslash
\0 - Null

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CONTD
Identifiers

Names

of arrays, function and variable

Operators

Arithmetic
Relational
Logical
Bitwise
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CONTD.
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

42

CONTD.

Equality and Relational Operators

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CONTD.

Logical Operators:
&& logical And
|| logical Or
! logical Not

Bitwise Operators
&

bitwise And
| bitwise Or
^ bitwise Xor
~ bitwise Not
<< shift left
>> shift right

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/* Program for multiplication

of two variables */ 2
SAMPLE
C PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf(Enter two numbers);
scanf(%d%d,&var1,&var2);
c=a*b;
printf (\n Multiplication of two numbers is %d ,c);
getch();
}

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 OUTPUT:
CONTD

Enter two numbers: 12 3

Multiplication of two numbers is 36

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CONTROL STATEMENTS

These statements are used to control the flow of

program by using these statements. We can have
four types of control statements:-

decision making

case control statement or switch statement

looping / iteration statement

jump / branching statement

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DECISION MAKING

These statements are used when we want to take

any decision according to the condition or user
requirement. These conditions are used by using
if statement. We can have four types of
conditional statements

if
if-else
if else if
nested if

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CONTD.
if
if statement is simple decision making statement,
which is used to take any decision when the
condition is true.
if (statement)
{
Statement;
}
if (expression / condition)
Statement;

49

CONTD.
If-else
This statement is used to make decision in C language.
If the given condition is true then the cursor will move
to the true portion else it will move to the false portion.
if (condition)
{
Statement;
}
else
{
Statement;
}

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If else-if
if (condition)
{
Statement;
}
else if (condition)
{
Statement;
}
else if (condition)
{
Statement;
}
else
{
Statement;
}

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SWITCH CASE / SELECT CASE

These statements are used with the replacement

of if-else and these statements are used when we
have multiple options or choices.
These choices can be limited and when we use
switch case we can use only integer or character
variable as expression.

52

Syntax:
switch( expression)
{
case value-1:
block-1;
break;
case value-2:
block-2;
break;
---default:
default-block;
break;
}
statement -X;

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LOOPING

These statements are used to control the flow of

the program and repeat any process multiple
times according to users requirement.
We can have three types of looping control
statements.

while

do-while

for

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CONTD

While
It is an entry control loop statement, because it
checks the condition first and then if the
condition is true the statements given in while
loop will be executed.
SYNTAX:Initialization;
while (condition)
{
Statements;
Incremental / decrement;
}

55

CONTD
Do-while

Do-while loop is also called exit control loop.

It is different from while loop because in this
loop the portion of the loop is executed minimum
once and then at the end of the loop the condition
is being checked and if the value of any given
condition is true or false the structure of the loop
is executed and the condition is checked after the
completion of true body part of the loop.

56

CONTD

SYNTAX:Initialization
do
{
Statement;
Increment / decrement;
}
while (condition)
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CONTD.
For loop
It is another looping statement or construct used to
repeat any process according to user requirement but
it is different from while and do-while loop because
in this loop all the three steps of constructions of a
loop are contained in single statement.

It is also an entry control loop.

We can have three syntaxes to create for loop:58

CONTD.
for (initialization; Test condition; Increment /
decrement)
{
Statement;
}
.
for (; test condition; increment / decrement)
{
Statement;
}

59

CONTD.
for (; test condition;)
{
Statement;
Increment / decrement
}

60

JUMPS STATEMENTS

These are also called as branching statements.

These statements transfer control to another part
of the program. When we want to break any loop
condition or to continue any loop with skipping
any values then we use these statements. There
are three types of jumps statements.

Continue

Break

Goto

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CONTD

Continue
This statement is used within the body of the loop.
The continue statement moves control in the
beginning of the loop means to say that is used to
skip any particular output.

WAP to print series from 1 to 10 and skip only 5

and 7.
#include
void main ( )
{
int a;

62

CONTD
clrscr ( );
for (a=1; a<=10; a++)
{
if (a= =5 | | a= = 7)
continue;
printf (%d \n,a);
}
getch ( );
}
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CONTD
Break
This statement is used to terminate any sequence or
sequence of statement in switch statement. This
statement enforce indicate termination. In a loop
when a break statement is in computer the loop is
terminated and a cursor moves to the next
statement or block;
Example:

WAP to print series from 1 to 10 and break on 5

#include
void main ( )
{

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CONTD
int a;
clrscr ( );
for (a=1; a<=10; a++)
{
if (a= =5)
break;
printf (%d \n,a);
}
getch ( );
}

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CONTD

Goto statement
It is used to alter or modify the normal sequence of
program execution by transferring the control to
some other parts of the program. the control may be
move or transferred to any part of the program
when we use goto statement we have to use a label.
Syntax:
Forward Loop:
goto label;
.
.
label:
statement;

66

CONTD

Backward Loop:
label:
statement
.
.
goto label;

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COMMON PROGRAMMING
ERRORS
Missing Semicolons
Eg: a = x+y is wrong
c= b/d; is right
Misuse of Semicolon
Eg:
for(i = 1; i <= 10; i++);
sum = sum + i;
is wrong

for(i = 1; i <= 10; i++)

sum = sum + i;
is right

68

CONTD
Use

of = instead of = =
Missing Braces
Missing Quotes
Improper Comment Characters
Undeclared Variables
And many more

69

ASSIGNMENT

Write a C program to swap two entered number.

Write a C program to perform all the arithmetic
operations.
Write a C program to find the area of a circle,
triangle and rectangle.
Write a C program to calculate the area of circle,
triangle and rectangle.
Write a C program to get a number from user and
print a square and cube of that number.

70

CONTD

Write a C program to display the greatest of

three number using if else statement.
Write a C program to find the number is positive
or negative.
Write a C program to find the number is odd or
even.
Write a program to display the spelling of
number using switch case.

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CONTD

Write a C program to display the entered letter

is vowel or a character.
Write a C program to display odd number from 1
to n using while loop and do while loop.
Write a C program to display even number from 1
to n using for loop.

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QUERIES?

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THANK YOU!!!

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