Atoll 2.8.0 LTE Basic U

ATOLL LTE FEATURES
Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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Confidential Do not share without prior permission
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1. LTE Concepts
Context and background
OFDM/OFDMA basics
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Context and Background

What is LTE?
What is 4G?
Why LTE?
LTE deployment
RF planning/optimisation tool requirements for LTE
Evolution of LTE
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What is LTE?
LTE = Long Term Evolution
3GPP1s project name for Evolved UTRA2 (e-UTRA)
Next generation of 3GPP-based mobile networks
(GSM/GPRS/EDGE, UMTS/HSPA, and TD-SCDMA)
One of the 3 standards on which 4G cellular networks will be based
1
2
3
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LTE
from 3GPP
WiMAX
from IEEE and the WiMAX Forum
UMB3
from 3GPP2
Third Generation Partnership Project

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Ultra Mobile Broadband
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What is 4G?
Provides improvements over existing 2G and 3G networks
High data rates at high mobile speeds:
~100Mbps in DL, 50Mbps in UL with MIMO
Inter-working and support for mobility:
Handovers to 3G and 2G layers and roaming
Service and content convergence:
VoIP, download, streaming, TV, VOD, etc.
All IP backbone
Based on some form of OFDM

Implement smart antenna/MIMO techniques
Use higher order modulation techniques
Support for scalability: Channel bandwidth adaptation
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What is 4G?
Evolution of Mobile Technologies
WiMAX 802.16e-2005
OFDM
All-IP
WiMAX 802.16m
MIMO
AAS
OFDM All-IP
CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev.A

IP transport
MIMO
AAS
EV-DO Rev.C
OFDM
All-IP
MIMO
AAS
3G LTE
HSPA+
HSDPA / HSUPA
IP Transport
MIMO
All-IP
OFDM
All-IP
MIMO
AAS
EDGE Evolution
2006
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2007
2008
2009
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What is 4G?
Evolution of 3GPP Standards
Release 99:
Release 4:
Release 5:
Release 6:
Release 7:
Release 8:
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UMTS FDD
UMTS TDD + FDD Repeaters
HSDPA
HSUPA (Enhanced Uplink) + MBMS
HSPA+ (2x2 MIMO, Higher Order Modulation, etc.)
LTE FDD and TDD
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Why LTE?
Huge potential market share
GSM
(80.4 % market share)
Around 670 operators in ~200 countries
More than 3 billion subscribers worldwide
UMTS HSPA (7.8 % market share)
Around 105 operators in ~47 countries
Nearly 300 million subscribers worldwide
Potential market share for UMB: 11 %

Economic
Possibility to reuse part of existing 3G
equipment hardware with software defined radio
Spectrum already allocated to operators
Convergence of market and user needs

Multi-play services (voice, data, broadcast, )
Number of mobile subscriptions worldwide: > 3.8 billion
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Why LTE?
Improvements over 3G (UMTS HSPA)
Data Rates
DL: 14.4 Mbps &
UL: 5.7 Mbps
Up to 100 Mbps DL
and 50 Mbps UL
Cyclic Prefix
Highly sensitive to
Inter-symbol Interference
LTE vs. 3G
Min 5 MHz
Spectrum
Min 1.4 MHz
Orthogonal
Subcarriers
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Highly sensitive to
Frequency Selective
Fading
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LTE Deployment
1st phase:
A few trial sites in urban areas where provision of high data rate services has market
potential
Site locations probably the same as existing 3G sites
Spectrum sharing with existing 3G cell (1 carrier dedicated to the trial LTE layer)
2nd phase:
Replacement of 3G sites with on-air LTE sites, or
Co-existence of 3G and LTE coverage layers
High Speed
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Handovers
High Throughput
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LTE Deployment
Migration from any 3GPP technology to LTE
Rational choice for GSM and GSM/UMTS operators
Some CDMA operators might also opt for LTE instead of UMB
Very few GSM operators would opt for WiMAX
Rarely any green-field scenarios
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
HSPA
LTE
Non-3GPP
Technologies
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Evolution of LTE
Future: IMT-Advanced
Most 4G networks will move to
LTE Advanced
WiMAX 802.16m
100 Mbps to 1 Gbps in DL
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100 Mbps for fast moving users

1 Gbps for slow to stationary users
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OFDM/OFDMA Basics
OFDM definition and differences between FDM and OFDM
Advanced OFDM : OFDMA
Multiple access techniques and duplexing methods
Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA
OFDM/OFDMA in LTE
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What is OFDM ?
OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Also known as Discrete MultiTone (DMT) or Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM)
Advanced form of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
FDM : single modulated radio signal per user
OFDM : hundreds to thousands of separate radio signals (subcarriers) spread across a wideband
channel. In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the subcarriers are orthogonal to
each other
Time period for modulation: OFDM symbol
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Adjustable guard periods : cyclic prefix used to dissipate multipath effect
Symbol rate = f(channel bandwidth, carrier spacing - Distance between subcarriers)
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OFDM Frequency and Time Domains

Time
Subcarriers
Frequency
Symbols
1 OFDM symbol
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Differences between FDM and OFDM

FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Carriers separated by guard bands low spectrum usage efficiency

More carriers more guard bands decrease in efficiency
Therefore, usually large carrier widths are used
Large carrier widths low symbol duration (f=(1/t)) more sensitive to time delays
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Differences between FDM and OFDM

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Centre point of subcarrier c intersects with

subcarriers c-1 and c+1 at their 0 values
Narrowband orthogonal carriers negligible inter-carrier-interference (ICI)

Long symbol durations + cyclic prefix negligible inter-symbol-interference (ISI)
No ICI and ISI no intra-cell interference
Possibility to support less robust modulations like 64QAM, 16QAM, for higher throughput
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Advanced OFDM : OFDMA

OFDMA : Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OFDM
Subchannels
Each user is allocated the full channel : capacity wasting
OFDMA
Subchannels
Each user can be assigned only a part of the entire channel at a time
Ability to subdivide the subcarrier population : more than one user served at a time
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Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA
Negligible inter-carrier-interference (ICI)
Thanks to orthogonal subcarriers which can be transmitted by the use of Fast Fourier Transform
(equipment evolution)
Use of less robust modulation
Increased data rate
Improved resilience (ISI)

Sending data across parallel carriers lower rate/carrier
Fewer modulation symbols longer symbol duration
Better chance to correctly sample signal
Efficient usage of the spectrum

Better resistance to frequency selective fading channel
Multiple access (time and frequency multiplexing techniques)
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Multiplexing and Duplexing

Uses SOFDMA (same as WiMAX 802.16e) in DL
SOFDMA: Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Uses SC-FDMA in UL (an OFDM variant not much different from SOFDMA)
SC-FDMA: Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
Can be deployed in FDD and TDD
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Multiple Access Techniques
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1g
2g
4g
3g
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OFDM and OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Provides resource allocation flexibility
Scalable OFDMA
Channel bandwidth is scalable, i.e., can be adapted as needed
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
Bandwidth (MHz)
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LTE Channel Structure

OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
A channel is composed of more than 1 Frequency Block (FB)
Equivalent of Subchannel in WiMAX

Fixed width = 180 kHz (LTE system level constant)
1 Frequency Block over 1 slot = 1 Resource Block (RB) (Elementary unit assigned to 1 user)
Benefit of SC-FDMA: Low Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Easier UE Design
Each FB is composed of many Subcarriers
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Two Subcarrier widths possible: 15 kHz, 7.5 kHz

1 FB = 12 SCa of 15 kHz
OR
24 SCa of 7.5 kHz
7.5 kHz specified for MBMS/SFN services
Narrow subcarrier width Longer symbol duration + Longer Cyclic Prefix = More resistant
against multipath
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LTE Channel Structure
Spectrum
Allocation
Sampling
Frequency
FFT Size
Number
of RBs
Number of
Used Subcarriers
1.4 MHz
1.92 MHz
(1/2 x 3.84)
128
72 (73)
3 MHz
3.84 MHz
(1 x 3.84)
256
15
180 (181)
7.68 MHz
(2 x 3.84)
512
25
300 (301)
15.36 MHz
(4 x 3.84)
1024
50
600 (601)
15 MHz
23.04 MHz
(6 x 3.84)
1536
75
900 (901)
20 MHz
30.72 MHz
(8 x 3.84)
2048
100
1200 (1201)
5 MHz
10 MHz
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Subcarrier
Spacing
15 kHz
(7.5 kHz
for MBMS)
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LTE Frame Structure

TDD and FDD
Specific frame structures for TDD and FDD
1 frame
= 10 ms
= 2 half-frames (TDD) = 10 subframes or TTI (each 1 ms)
= 20 slots (each 0.5 ms)
1 slot (0.5 ms) = 6 or 7 symbol durations
Control channels transmitted on subframes 0 and 5 (always DL)
Two possible cyclic prefix durations: Normal or Extended (resp. 7 or 6 OFDM symbols per slot)
10 ms
LTE Frame
1 ms
SF 0
SF 1
..
SF 9
0.5 ms
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3
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..
Slot
18
Slot
19
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LTE Frame Structure

FDD Frame
TDD Frame with (DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS as in TD-SCDMA)

Full- and Half-frame switching point periodicity
Half-frame periodicity provides the same half-frame structure as a TD-SCDMA subframe
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Physical Channels
HARQ feedback
CQI reporting
UL scheduling request
CQI reporting for MIMO
related feedback
Slot/Frame
synchronization &
Cell Id
identification
Traffic, MBMS
Control information
Paging
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Traffic
eNode-B
HARQ feedback
Transport format
UL scheduling grant
Resource allocation
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Control and Traffic Channels
DL TCH
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UL TCH
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OFDMA LTE Frame (DL)

Structure of a Resource Block
Frame structure of Type I, 1 antenna, F = 15 kHz
Standard frequency block
Any frequency block within the centre 6 frequency blocks:
Legend:
Downlink Reference Signals
PBCH
P-SCH
S-SCH
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
DL-SCH
Subcarriers in a resource block are adjacent

RBs allocated to mobiles are not necessary adjacent Interference Coordination
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OFDMA LTE Frame (DL)

7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
OFDM
Symbol 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
OFDM
Symbol 1
OFDM
Symbol 2
OFDM
Symbol 3
OFDM
Symbol 4
SF 1
OFDM
Symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Legend:
Downlink Reference signals
PBCH
P-SCH
S-SCH
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
DL-SCH
1 subframe = 2 slots (1 ms)
SF 0
OFDM
Symbol 5
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame = 10
subframes (10 ms)
P-SCH and S-SCH ~ Preamble in WiMAX

DL Reference signals ~ Pilot subcarriers in WiMAX
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SC-FDMA LTE Frame (UL)

7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
OFDM
Symbol 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
OFDM
Symbol 1
OFDM
Symbol 2
OFDM
Symbol 3
OFDM
Symbol 4
SF 1
OFDM
Symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Legend:
Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal
Uplink Sounding Reference Signal
PUCCH
Demodulation Reference Signal for
PUCCH
1 subframe = 2 slots (1 ms)
SF 0
OFDM
Symbol 5
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame = 10
subframes (10 ms)
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Cell Search/Synchronisation
UE SCH detection
over a
1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz
spectrum
SCH in 1.25 MHz/72 subcarriers

BCH in 1.25 MHz/72 subcarriers
eNode-B
Detect spectrum
centre and 1.25 MHz
spectrum
SCH and
BCH band
1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz spectrum
1.25 MHz spectrum
SCH and BCH

frequency reception
72 subcarriers
Data transmission on
assigned spectrum
provided by System
Information
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BCH information
reception
Sub-carriers for data
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Frequency Planning
Usual 1x3x1 and 1x3x3 allocations
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F3
F3
F2
Frequency
F2
Fractional Frequency Allocation: like segmentation in WiMAX

Possibility to allocate 3 fractions of the a channel to 3 sectors of a site
Provides better spectrum usage and interference reduction
Seg1
Seg1
Seg 1 Seg 2 Seg 3
F1
Seg 3
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Seg 2
F1
Seg 3
F1
F1
Seg 2
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Handovers in LTE
Hard handover
Fast BS Selection
No soft handover specified for LTE

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MIMO Systems in LTE

Multiple Input Multiple Outputs (MIMO) systems
Stations and user equipment can support MIMO systems
Numbers of transmission and reception antenna ports at the transmitter and user equipment
Supported MIMO systems:
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Transmit or Receive Diversity (Tx/Rx Div)

More than one transmission antenna to send the same data
Improvement of CINR
Single-user MIMO or spatial multiplexing (SM)

More than one transmission antenna to send different data streams on each antenna
Improvement of throughput for a given CINR
Adaptive MIMO switch (AMS)

Technique to switch from SM to Tx/Rx Diversity as CINR conditions get worse than a given
threshold
Multi-user MIMO or collaborative MIMO

Multiplexing of several users with good enough radio conditions
More than one cell reception antenna to receive transmissions from several users over the
same frequency-time allocation (UL only)
Can be used with single-antenna user equipment
Improvement of UL capacity in terms of number of connected users
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
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LTE features supported in Atoll
LTE workflow in Atoll
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LTE Features supported in Atoll

Supports Evolved UTRA (3GPP Release 8 LTE) Networks
Various frequency bands
Scalable channel bandwidths
Resource blocks per channel and sampling frequencies
Support of TDD and FDD frame structures
Half-frame/full-frame switching point periodicities for TDD
Normal and extended cyclic prefixes
Downlink and uplink control channels and overheads
Downlink and uplink reference signals, P-SCH, S-SCH, PBCH, PDCCH, PUCCH, etc.
Physical cell IDs

Possibility of fixed subscriber database for fixed applications
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Support of directional CPE antennas
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LTE Features supported in Atoll

Supports Evolved UTRA (3GPP Release 8 LTE) Networks
Signal level based coverage planning
CINR based coverage planning
Network capacity analysis using Monte Carlo simulations
Scheduling and resource allocation in two-dimensional frames
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems
Transmit and Receive Diversity

Single-User MIMO or spatial multiplexing
Adaptive MIMO Switch (AMS)
Modelling of Multi-User MIMO (collaborative MIMO UL only)
Tools for resource allocation
Automatic allocation of neighbours and physical cell Ids

Automatic allocation of frequencies (AFP) (Optional)
Network verification possible using test mobile data

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LTE Workflow in Atoll

Open an existing project or
create a new one
Network configuration
- Add network elements
- Change parameters
Basic predictions
(Best server, signal level)
Automatic or manual neighbour allocation
Automatic or manual frequency planning
Automatic or manual physical cell ID planning
Traffic maps
Monte-Carlo
simulations
And/or
Subscriber lists
User-defined
values
Cell load
conditions
Signal quality and
throughput predictions
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Frequency plan
analysis
Prediction study
reports
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
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Frequency bands
LTE Frame structure settings
Transmitter parameters
Cell parameters
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Frequency Bands
Frequency bands
Atoll can model multi-band networks within the same document
TDD (Time Division Duplexing) or FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing)
One frequency band assigned to each cell
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LTE Frame structure settings

Transmitter folder global parameters
Normal (default) or extended

cyclic prefix (No. of SD per slot)
e.g.: at 15 kHz, 7 SD/slot
(normal) or 6 SD/slot
(extended)
System-level constants (Hard-coded)
Width of a resource block (180 kHz)

Frame duration (10 ms)
TDD option only : Switch

from DL to UL every half
frame (default) or every
frame
Number of SD for Physical

Downlink Control Channel
(0,1,2 or 3) carrying DL
and UL Resource
allocation information
Average number of
resource blocks for Physical
Uplink Control Channel (top
and bottom of frame
transmitted every 2 slots)
Other control channel overheads defined by 3GPP (calculated based on 3GPP specs)
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Reference signals, P-SCH, S-SCH, PBCH, etc.

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Transmitter Parameters
Cells: (Tx-carrier) pairs
Specifications of carriers in a
transmitter
Equipment
specifications
DL and UL total losses,

noise figure
MIMO (Multiple Input

Multiple Output systems)
reception and
transmission settings
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Cell Parameters
Cell activity
Cell order used for carrier
selection
Cells frequency band
Channel number in the

frequency band (and
allocation status)
Physical Cell ID ( and

allocation status)
Resource allocation min

reuse distance
Reference signal quality

threshold used as cell
coverage limit
Power and energy

offsets from computed
reference signal
Scheduler used for
bearer selection and
resource allocation
LTE equipment used for

bearer selection/quality
indicator studies/MIMO gains
Frame configuration
(TDD only)
Maximum simultaneous
users supported by the cell*
UL and DL MIMO support

(Tx/Rx Div, SU-MIMO/SM,
AMS and/or MU-MIMO)
Cell capacity gain in case of

MU-MIMO
UL/DL traffic loads*
Threshold to switch
from SM to Tx/Rx Div or
for using MU-MIMO
UL noise rise due to

surrounding mobiles*
Max UL and DL traffic

loads to be respected
during simulations
Effect of external sources of

interferences
Neighbour list
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* User-defined or simulation output

Inputs of the neighbour

allocation algorithm
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
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4. LTE Predictions
Introduction
Parameters used in predictions
Prediction settings
Fast link adaptation modelling
Coverage prediction examples
Point analysis studies
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Introduction
Coverage predictions
General studies based on downlink reference signal levels
Best server plot based on downlink reference signal levels

Multiple server coverage based on downlink reference signal levels
Reference signal signal level plots
Reference signal CNR plots
LTE UL and DL specific studies
SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH signal level plots

SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CNR plots
Quality studies (reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CINR and interference plots)
Best bearer plots based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels
Throughput and cell capacity per pixel plots based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application cell capacities
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application aggregate cell throughputs
Point predictions
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Introduction
Principles of the studies based on traffic
Study calculated for
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Given load conditions

UL noise rise
DL traffic load
A non-interfering user with

A service
A mobility
A terminal type with a directive antenna (oriented towards the serving cell)
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Load Conditions
Load conditions are defined in the cells table
Values taken into consideration in

predictions for each cell
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Service Properties

Highest bearers in UL and DL
Body loss
Application throughput parameters
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LTE Bearer Properties

Support for multiple modulation and coding schemes (MCS)
User-selectable modulations (QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM)
User-definable coding rates (e.g. 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, etc.)
User-definable bearer efficiencies (useful bits per resource element)
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Used for channel throughput evaluation
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LTE Bearer Properties

Link adaptation in LTE
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Mobility Properties

Mapping between mobilities and thresholds in bearer and quality indicator determination (as
radio conditions depend on user speed).
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Terminal Properties
Support of
MIMO

Reception equipment
Antenna settings (incl. MIMO support)
Maximum terminal power
Gain and losses
Noise figure
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Number of Antenna ports in UL

and DL in case of MIMO
support
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Prediction Settings
Coverage prediction plots
Do not require Monte-Carlo simulations or subscriber lists
Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH signal level plots
Best server plot
Coverage by signal level
Multiple server coverage
Preamble signal quality based coverage predictions
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Selection of a mobility, a service, a terminal (possibly directional antenna oriented towards the serving
cell)
Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CNR plots
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Prediction Settings
Coverage prediction plots
Traffic channel CINR based coverage predictions
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Based on user-defined cell loads or on Monte-Carlo simulation results
Selection of a mobility, a service, a terminal (possibly directional antenna oriented towards the serving
cell)
Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CINR and interference plots
Best bearer plots based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels
Throughput and cell capacity per pixel plots based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application cell capacities
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application aggregate cell throughputs
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Fast Link Adaptation Modelling

Atoll determines, on each pixel, the highest bearer that each user can obtain
No soft handover
Connection to the best server in term of reference signal level (C)
Bearer chosen according to the radio conditions (PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels)
Process : prediction done via look-up tables

Peak RLC, effective RLC,
and application throughput
calculation
Highest bearer
determination limited by the
service settings
Reference signal quality

evaluation (C)
Quality indicator (BER,

BLER)
PDSCH and PUSCH CINR

calculation
Best server and service area

determination (C/N)
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Interference Estimation
Atoll calculates PDSCH and PUSCH CINR according to:
The victim traffic (PUSCH or PDSCH) power
The interfering signals impacted by:
The interferer powers

The path loss from the interferer to the victim
Antenna gain
Losses from interferer (incl. Shadowing effect and indoor losses)
The interference reduction due to the co and adjacent channel overlap between the studied
and the interfering base stations
The interference reduction factor due to interfering base stations traffic load
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Bearer Selection
When PDSCH and PUSCH CINR are evaluated, the bearer is selected according to:
The LTE reception equipment defined at reception (cell for UL, terminal for DL)
The CINR threshold to access each bearer
Scheduler parameters of the serving cell
Bearer selection criterion

The uplink bandwidth allocation target
The highest possible bearer according to the service settings
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Bearer Selection
Scheduler settings for bearer determination
Bearer selection criterion:
Bearer index: selection of the highest bearer index
Peak RLC throughput: selection of the highest peak RLC
throughput
Effective RLC throughput: selection of the highest
effective RLC throughput
Uplink bandwidth allocation target:

Full bandwidth: use of all the frequency blocks
Maintain connection: number of frequency blocks reduced one by one to
increase the PUSCH CINR so that the mobile is able to get at least the lowest
bearer (as defined by the bearer selection criterion)
Best bearer: number of frequency blocks reduced to increase the PUSCH
CINR so that the mobile is able to get the best bearer available (as defined by
the bearer selection criterion)
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Throughput Estimation
When the bearer is selected, the channel throughput is calculated according to:
The channel bandwidth and the sampling frequency
The frame definition considering hard coded parameters and user-defined ones (global
parameters tab or the Transmitter folder property box).
The cyclic prefix ratio
The bearer efficiency defined in the selected bearer
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Quality Indicator Estimation

When the bearer is selected, the quality indicator (BER or BLER) is obtained according to:
The graphs defined in the quality graph tab of the receiver equipment
The selected bearer
The calculated PDSCH and PUSCH CINRs
The terminal mobility (optionally)
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Prediction Examples (General Studies)
Number of servers
(Based on reference signal power)
Coverage by signal level

(Based on reference signal power)
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Prediction Examples (Dedicated Studies)
Coverage by PDSCH CINR

(Directional receiver antenna)
Coverage by PDSCH CINR

(Isotropic receiver antenna)
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Prediction Examples (Dedicated Studies)
Coverage by PUSCH CINR

(Directional receiver antenna)
Coverage by PUSCH CINR

(Isotropic receiver antenna)
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Point Analysis Tool

Radio reception level at a given point : Reception tab
Select the reception tab in the point analysis window
In the tool bar, click
Define receiver settings
Display preamble signal levels
Reference
signal levels
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Point Analysis Tool

Radio reception diagnosis at a given point : Signal Analysis tab
Choice of UL&DL load conditions : if
(cells table) is selected
Analysis based on DL load and
UL noise rise from cells table
Definition of a userdefinable probe"

receiver, indoor or
not
Received reference
signals (best server on
the top)
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SCH/PBCH,
reference signals,
PDSCH and
PUSCH
availability (or not)
Analysis detail on
reference signals,
PDSCH and
PUSCH
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
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5. MIMO Modelling
Overview
MIMO settings in Atoll
MIMO Modelling in computations
Predictions examples
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MIMO Modelling Overview

Base stations and user equipment support MIMO systems
Gains graphs available in reception equipment
Numbers of transmission and reception antenna ports at base station and terminal
Antenna diversity modes in Atoll LTE
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Transmit/Receive Diversity (also called Space-Time Coding (STC) or Matrix A MIMO in other standards)
More than one transmission antenna to send the same data
Improvement of CINR Higher bearer Higher throughput
Usually used in coverage areas with bad CINR conditions
Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) or Spatial Multiplexing (SM) (also called Matrix B MIMO in other standards)
More than one transmission antenna to send different data streams on each antenna
Improvement of throughput for a given CINR
Usually used in coverage areas with good CINR conditions
Adaptive MIMO Switch (AMS)

Technique to switch from SM to Tx/Rx Diversity as CINR conditions get worse than a given threshold
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MIMO Modelling Overview

Antenna diversity modes in Atoll LTE (Contd)
Forsk 2009
Multi-User MIMO or collaborative MIMO

Multiplexing of several users with good enough radio conditions
More than one cell reception antenna to receive transmissions from several users over the
same frequency-time allocation (UL only)
Can be used with single-antenna user equipment
Improvement of UL capacity in terms of number of connected users
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MIMO Settings in Transmitters
MIMO (Multiple Input

Multiple Output systems)
reception and transmission
settings
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MIMO Settings in Cells

Definition of the MIMO
support type (STTD/MRC
(Transmit or Receive
Diversity), SU-MIMO (SM),
AMS or MU-MIMO UL Only)
Minimum reference signal

C/N used as :
- threshold to switch from SUMIMO to Tx/Rx Diversity
- Minimum required for using
MU-MIMO
Uplink capacity gain due to

MU-MIMO. The cell capacity
is multiplied by this gain at
pixels where MU-MIMO is
used
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MIMO Settings in Terminals

Reception equipment
defining SU-MIMO and
diversity gains
Support of
MIMO
Number of Antenna ports in UL

and DL in case of MIMO support
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Transmit and Receive Diversity Settings

Diversity gain depending on the MIMO configuration
Additional Diversity gain per clutter class (DL and UL)
Sum of the gains applied on PDSCH/PUSCH CINR

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SU-MIMO Settings
Maximum possible gain in channel capacity
SU-MIMO gain factor per clutter class
MIMO throughput = SISO throughput (1 + SU-MIMO gain factor (max MIMO gain 1))
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MIMO Modelling in Computations

Predictions and simulations
On each pixel, a receiver is connected to its best server (in term of reference signal C/N)
MIMO is possible if :
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MIMO settings are defined in the LTE equipment selected at the cell for UL (or terminal for DL )
level
The support of any MIMO mode (Tx/Rx diversity, SM, AMS, SU-MIMO) is defined for to the serving cell
MIMO is supported by the users terminal
The calculated reference signal C/N exceeds the reference signal C/N threshold
Slide 80 of 149
Prediction Examples (MIMO Effect)

Coverage prediction examples (MIMO system)
Coverage by DL CINR
(MIMO with 2*2 antenna)
Coverage by DL CINR
(Without MIMO)
CINR improved for low

values (due to Tx/Rx
diversity)
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
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Slide 82 of 149
Importing existing neighbour relationships
Neighbour automatic allocation
Neighbour graphical display
Modifying neighbour relationships manually
Exporting neighbour relationships
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Importing Existing Neighbour Relationships

Possibility to copy/paste or to import a list of neighbours
Intra-carrier and inter-carrier neighbours are mixed in the same table
Prerequisites
A text file with at least 2 columns
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Source cells and neighbour cells

Relationships must be defined between atoll format cell names
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Importing Existing Neighbour Relationships
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Neighbour Automatic Allocation (1/4)

Possibility to define neighbourhood constraints to be considered during the automatic
neighbour allocation
List of neighbourhood relationships you

may force or forbid
Allocation parameters
Maximum number of neighbours
Global value for all the transmitters or value specified for each transmitter
Maximum inter-site distance

Allocation strategy based on the overlapping of cell coverage
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Coverage conditions
Calculation options
Overlapping criterion
Start allocation
Do not select the option if

you want to keep existing
neighbours
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Overlapping criterion
% min covered area is defined by the formula : (SA SB) / SA where :
- SA is the coverage area of a restricted by ho start and ho end
- SB is the best server area of cell B
Best reference signal
level cell B (candidate)
Best reference signal

level cell A
(reference)
Cell B
Best server
area
Cell A
Best server
area
Reference signal
threshold (from
reference signal
quality threshold)
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Handover end
Handover start
Slide 88 of 149

Allocation result
Sorted list of neighbours with allocation reasons and importance value (0-1)
Allocation results
Sort and filtering tools
Commit selected
neighbours only
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Neighbour Graphical Display

Display of neighbourhood links on the map
Calculate a coverage by transmitter and display it on the map
Select the icon
in the toolbar and click a transmitter on the map
Symmetric link: site17_1(0) is

neighbour of site23_1(0) and
vice-versa
Outwards link: site27_0(0) is
neighbour of site23_1(0)
Inwards link: site23_1(0) is
neighbour of site22_0(0)
Neighbourhood relationships of site23_1(0)
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Neighbour Graphical Display

Possibility to display neighbour characteristics on the map
Calculate a coverage by transmitter and display it on the map
Display neighbour relationships of the desired transmitter
Click the icon
from the toolbar
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Modifying Neighbour Relationships Manually

Possibility to add/remove neighbour relationships on the map using the ctrl and shift
shortcuts
For intra-carrier neighbourhood links only
Possibility to add/remove neighbours in the cell property dialogue
Neighbour list of
site5_2(0)
List of transmitters within a 30 km radius

from the selected one (sorted in a
ascending inter-site distance order)
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Exporting Neighbour Relationships

Possibility to copy/paste or to export the list of neighbours
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
Forsk 2009
Slide 94 of 149

Automatic resource planning overview
Automatic physical cell ID allocation process
Automatic frequency allocation process
Frequency allocation examples
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Automatic Resource Planning Overview

Automatic Physical Cell ID Planning
Based on neighbour and distance relations
Allocation of S-SCH IDs and P-SCH IDs
Automatic Resource Planning (Optional)

Based on interference matrices, neighbour, distance relations
Possibility to lock frequencies for cells
Can work with more than one frequency band in the same document
Can also allocate physical cell IDs taking interference matrices into account
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Automatic Physical Cell ID Allocation Process

Physical Cell ID definition : (physical cell ID of the cell)
Physical cell IDs defined in the 3GPP specifications.
Integer value from 0 to 503
504 unique physical-layer cell identities.

Grouped in 168 unique cell ID groups (called S-SCH IDs in Atoll), each group containing 3 unique
identities (called P-SCH IDs in Atoll)
S-SCH ID belongs to [0,167] and P-SCH ID is either 0, 1 or 2.
Each cells reference signals transmit a pseudo-random sequence corresponding to the physical cell
ID of the cell.
Physical Cell ID allocation to cells

Goals
Forsk 2009
Avoid using the same pseudo-random sequence in nearby cells

Can cause problems in cell search and selection
Avoid using the same P-SCH ID to nearby cells

Can cause a lot of interference
Use preferably the same S-SCH ID to cells of the same site

Can help in measurements and handover procedures
Slide 97 of 149

Automatic Physical Cell ID allocation in Atoll
Based on an iterative cost-based algorithm
Different physical Cell ID allocation plans are tried and a cost calculated for each
The best physical Cell ID allocation plan is the one with the lowest cost
The cost is calculated for cells with the following relations
Neighbours (optional)
Distance between cells < min reuse distance (optional)
Frequency plan
Relations between cells can have different importance in the final cost
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The importance of neighbour relation is calculated during the automatic neighbour allocation
The importance of the relation based on the distance between cells (weighted by the antenna
azimuths)
Slide 98 of 149

Automatic physical Cell ID allocation prerequisites
Frequency plan
A channel manually assigned to each cell
Neighbour plan
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Manually or automatically obtained

Importance values
Slide 99 of 149

Automatic physical Cell ID allocation process
Allocation cost
constraints
S-SCH ID allocation
strategy
Allocated
Physical Cell
Ids, P-SCH
IDs and SSCH IDs
Commit Physical
Cell Ids to cells
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Automatic Frequency Allocation Process

Optimization of the frequency allocation in a network
The optimum frequency plan minimizes the interference in the network
Compliance with given constraints
Excluded channels
Interferences
Reuse distance
Neighbour relations
The algorithm starts with the current frequency plan as the initial state
Frequencies can be locked for cells
The AFP can work with more than one frequency band in the same document
Channels can be excluded
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Based on an iterative cost-based algorithm
Different frequency allocation plans are tried and a cost calculated for each
The best frequency allocation plan is the one with the lowest global cost
The cost is calculated for cells thanks to
Interference matrices
Probabilities of interference in co- and adjacent channel cases

A probability calculated for each case for each interfered-interfering cell pair
Distance relation
For distance between cells < min reuse distance

Takes into account distance, orientation of cells
Neighbours
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Takes into account importance of neighbour relation (adjacent, co-site)
Slide 102 of 149

Automatic resource allocation process
Possibility to allocate
Physical Cell IDs or
frequencies
Interference matrices
calculation (to run
before frequency
allocation)
Allocation
constraints
Allocated
channels
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Commit channels
to cellsSlide 103 of 149

Interference matrix calculation
For each cell pair, interference probability for co and adjacent channel cases
Interference probability is the ratio between
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Interfered surface area within the best server coverage area of the studied cell
Best server coverage area of the studied cell
Slide 104 of 149
Frequency Allocation Examples

Automatic frequency allocation in Atoll (example)
Same channel all over
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Reference Signal
(dB) >=30
Reference Signal
(dB) >=25
Reference Signal
(dB) >=20
Reference Signal
(dB) >=15
Reference Signal
(dB) >=10
Reference Signal
(dB) >=5
Reference Signal
C/(I+N) Level (DL)

0.0048
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
0.084
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
1.1228
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
5.8348
17.413
2
C/(I+N) Level (DL)

C/(I+N) Level (DL)
40.244
77.711
Slide 105 of 149

Manual allocation with 3 channels
Forsk 2009
Reference Signal
(dB) >=30
Reference Signal
(dB) >=25
Reference Signal
(dB) >=20
Reference Signal
(dB) >=15
Reference Signal
(dB) >=10
Reference Signal
(dB) >=5
Reference Signal
C/(I+N) Level (DL)

1.308
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
5.9396
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
17.3372
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
37.472
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
65.39
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
99.5252
Slide 106 of 149
132.968

Automatic allocation with 3 channels
Forsk 2009
Reference Signal
(dB) >=30
Reference Signal
(dB) >=25
Reference Signal
(dB) >=20
Reference Signal
(dB) >=15
Reference Signal
(dB) >=10
Reference Signal
(dB) >=5
Reference Signal
C/(I+N) Level (DL)

0.4784
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
2.7224
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
9.452
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
24.0344
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
48.532
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
81.5268
Slide 107 of 149
119.199

Manual allocation with 6 channels
Forsk 2009
Reference Signal
(dB) >=30
Reference Signal
(dB) >=25
Reference Signal
(dB) >=20
Reference Signal
(dB) >=15
Reference Signal
(dB) >=10
Reference Signal
(dB) >=5
Reference Signal
C/(I+N) Level (DL)

4.6172
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
13.6912
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
30.2844
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
55.658
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
87.18
120.955
2
Slide 108 of 149
147.519

Automatic allocation with 6 channels
Forsk 2009
Reference Signal
(dB) >=30
Reference Signal
(dB) >=25
Reference Signal
(dB) >=20
Reference Signal
(dB) >=15
Reference Signal
(dB) >=10
Reference Signal
(dB) >=5
Reference Signal
C/(I+N) Level (DL)

3.4068
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
10.7292
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
24.9896
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
48.002
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
C/(I+N) Level (DL)
80.042
114.303
6
Slide 109 of 149
142.576
Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
Forsk 2009
Slide 110 of 149

Channel and Physical Cell ID search tools
Physical Cell ID allocation audit
Physical Cell ID histograms
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Search Tool Overview

Tool to visualise channel and P-SCH ID reuse on the map
Possibility to find cells which are assigned a given :
Frequency band + channel

Physical Cell ID
P-SCH ID
S-SCH ID
Way to use this tool

Create and calculate a coverage by transmitter with a colour display by transmitter
Open the search tool available in the view menu
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Channel Search Tool

Channel reuse on the map
Frequency band and

Channel number
Colours given to transmitters
Red : co-channel transmitters
Yellow : multi-adjacent channel (-1 and +1)
transmitters
Green : adjacent channel (-1) transmitters
Blue : adjacent channel (+1) transmitters
Grey : other transmitters
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Physical Cell ID Search Tool

Physical Cell ID, P-SCH ID and S-SCH ID reuse on the map
Resource type
Resource value
Colours given to transmitters

Red or grey: if the transmitters carries or not
the specified resource value (Physical Cell ID,
P-SCH ID or S-SCH ID)
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Physical Cell ID Allocation Audit

Verification of the allocation inconsistencies
Respect of the reuse distance
Respect of neighbourhood constraints
If the Physical Cell ID allocation strategy is respected
Inconsistencies are displayed in the default text editor

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Physical Cell ID Histograms

View of the Physical Cell ID distribution
Dynamic
pointer
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
Forsk 2009
Slide 117 of 149

Simulation process
Simulation creation
Scheduling in simulations
Simulation results
Analysis of simulations
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Simulation Process
Whats a simulation in Atoll?
Distribution of users at a given moment (= snapshot)
Based on subscriber lists

Suitable for a fixed wireless access application
Based on traffic maps

Similar to UMTS/CDMA/WiMAX simulation process
Can be used for a fixed application (statistical user-list modelling)
Can be used for a mobile application (Monte-Carlo distribution of mobile users)
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Simulation Process
Requirement: subscriber list and/or traffic map(s)
The user distribution is generated using a Monte-Carlo algorithm

Based on traffic database and subscriber list/traffic map(s)
Weighted by a Poisson distribution
Each user is assigned

A service, a mobility type, a terminal and an activity status by random trial
According to a probability law using traffic database
A geographic position in the traffic zone by random trial
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According to the clutter weighting and indoor ratio (user location is the same as subscriber location if
the simulation is based on a subscriber list)
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Simulation Creation
Optional growing factor on the

selected traffic map(s)
Number of simulations
to run for the current
session
Selection of traffic map(s)

as traffic input
Load constraints to respect

during simulations (global
value or value per cell)
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Selection of subscriber list(s) as

traffic input (dedicated to fixed
wireless access application)
Slide 121 of 149
Scheduling in Simulations
Scheduling and radio resource management
Filtering of mobiles up to cell capacity limits (max UL and DL loads)
Different schedulers available:
Max C/I
Proportional Demand
Proportional Fair
First pass
Resource allocation for the minimum throughput demands depending on the service priorities of the
users (priority field in services)
Second pass
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Distribution of the remaining resources between users according to the schedulers defined in each cell
in order to reach the max throughput demand
Slide 122 of 149
Simulation Results (1)

Analysis provided over the focus zone
Main simulation results include
Per cell
UL and DL traffic loads

UL noise rise
UL and DL aggregate cell throughputs
Traffic input and connection statistics
Per mobile
Forsk 2009
Serving transmitter and cell

Azimuth and tilt (towards the serving cell)
Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH signal levels
Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CINR and interference levels
Best bearers based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels
Cell throughputs, cell capacities, and user throughputs PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels
Connection status and rejection cause
Slide 123 of 149

Analysis provided over the focus zone
5 tabs : statistics, sites, cells, mobiles, initial conditions
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Writes the UL/DL traffic loads

and the UL noise rise into the
cells table
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Display the users (terminals) on the

map depending on the connection
status
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Analysis of Simulations
Calculation of LTE prediction studies based on simulations
Analysis of a single simulation
Prediction based on the results of the

simulation (DL load, UL noise rise, etc)
Average analysis of all the simulations in a group
Prediction based on the average of

simulations in the group (average DL load,
and average UL noise rise)
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
Forsk 2009
Slide 128 of 149
Import of test mobile data path
Drive test management
Drive test graphic analysis
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Import of Test Mobile Data Paths

Overview
Measurement path related to a serving cell and its neighbours
Check and improve the network quality
Import
Supported files
Any ASCII text file (with tab, semi-colon or blank character as separator)
TEMS FICS-planet export (*.Pln)
TEMS text export (*.Fmt)
Procedure
Forsk 2009
Standard import as in excel

Mandatory information
Position of measurement points
Physical Cell ID
You can import any additional information related to measurement points
Definition and storage of import configurations
Multiple import
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Drive Tests Managements

Table
List of all the measurement points with their attributes and additional information
Standard content management and tools (filters, copy-paste, etc...)

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Management of measurement path points
Option of extracting a
field related to a specific
transmitter along a path
Creation of any prediction on

the transmitters measured
along the path
Option of creating as many CW
measurement paths as the number
of involved transmitters along the
path. These data can be used to
calibrate any propagation model
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Filter
per
type(s)
of
clutter
Advanced filter
on additional
survey data
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Permanent
deletion of outof-filter points
Slide 133 of 149

List of defined
studies in the
measurement
table
Option of preparing additional prediction

studies along the path using the existing
transmitter parameters (antennas,
propagation models, etc)
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Using the Atoll display dialog, you can

display the points according to any data
contained in the measurement table
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Drive Tests Graphic Analysis

Test mobile data analysis window
Display on the map
Transmitters
measured and
indexed for the
current point.
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Drive Tests Graphic Analysis

Test mobile data analysis window
Synchronisation
table map
measurement
window
Option of displaying
variation of any
selected numeric field
along the selected
path
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
Forsk 2009
Slide 138 of 149
Terminologies and Concepts in Atoll

Resources
In Atoll, the term "resource" is used to refer to the average number of resource units,
expressed in % (as traffic loads, when the average is performed over a considerably long
duration) of the total number of resource units in a superframe of 1 sec.
Frame
An LTE frame is 10 ms long. The duration of a frame is a system-level constant. Each frame
comprises 10 1 ms-long subframes, with each subframe containing 2 0.5 ms-long slots.
Each slot can have 7 or 6 symbol durations for normal or extended cyclic prefix, respectively,
and for a 15 kHz subcarrier width. A slot can have 3 symbol durations for extended cyclic
prefix used with a 7.5 kHz subcarrier width. LTE includes specific frame structures for FDD
and TDD systems. For TDD systems, two switching point periodicities can be used; halfframe or full frame. Half-frame periodicity provides the same half-frame structure as a TDSCDMA subframe. The PBCH and the two SCH are carried by subframes 0 and 5, which
means that these 2 subframes are always used in downlink. A subframe is synonymous with
TTI (transmission time interval), i.e., the minimum unit of resource allocation in the time
domain.
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LTE frame structures (DL: blue, UL: orange, DL or UL: green)

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Resource Element, Symbol, or Modulation Symbol
In Atoll a symbol refers to one resource element or one modulation symbol, which is 1
symbol duration long and 1 subcarrier width wide.
Symbol Duration
In Atoll a symbol duration refers to one OFDM symbol, which is the duration of one
modulation symbol over all the subcarriers/frequency blocks being used.
Subcarrier
An OFDM channel comprises many narrowband carriers called subcarriers. OFDM
subcarriers are orthogonal frequency-domain waveforms generated using Fast Fourier
Transforms.
Frequency Block
It is the minimum unit of resource allocation in the frequency domain, i.e., the width of a
resource block, 180 kHz. It is a system-level constant. A frequency block can either contain
12 subcarriers of 15 kHz each or 24 subcarriers of 7.5 kHz each.
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Resource Block
It is the minimum unit of resource allocation, i.e., 1 frequency block by 1 slot. Schedulers are
able perform resource allocation every subframe (TTI, transmission time interval), however,
the granularity of resource allocation 1 slot in time, i.e., the duration of a resource block, and
1 frequency block in frequency.
LTE resource blocks
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Slide 142 of 149

LTE Logical Channels: LTE logical channels include:
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) (DL): Carries broadcast control information.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH) (DL): Carries paging control information.
Common Control Channel (CCCH) (DL and UL): Carries common control information.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) (DL and UL): Carries control information dedicated to
users.
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) (DL and UL): Carries user traffic data.
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) (DL): Carries multicast control information.
Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) (DL): Carries multicast traffic data.
LTE Transport Channels: LTE transport channels include:

Broadcast Channel (BCH) (DL): Carries broadcast information.
Paging Channel (PCH) (DL): Carries paging information.
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) (DL): Carries common and dedicated control
information and user traffic data. It can also be used to carry broadcast and multicast control
information and traffic in addition to the BCH and MCH.
Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) (UL): Carries common and dedicated control information
and user traffic data.
Multicast Channel (MCH) (DL): Carries multicast information.
Random Access Channel (RACH) (UL): Carries random access requests from users.
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LTE Physical Layer Channels: LTE physical layer channels include:
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) (DL): Carries broadcast information.
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) (DL): Carries paging information, common and
dedicated control information, and user traffic data. It can also be used to carry broadcast
and multicast control information and traffic in addition to the PBCH and PMCH. Parts of this
channel carry the primary and secondary synchronisation channels (P-SCH and S-SCH), the
downlink reference signals, the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), the physical
HARQ indicator channel (PHICH), and the physical control format indicator channel
(PCFICH).
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) (UL): Carries common and dedicated control
information and user traffic data.
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) (UL): Carries control information.
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) (DL): Carries multicast information.
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) (UL): Carries random access requests from
users.
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LTE logical, transport, and physical layer channels (DL: blue, UL: orange, DL or UL: green)
Forsk 2009
Slide 145 of 149

User
A general term that can also designate a subscriber, mobile, and receiver.
Subscriber
Users with fixed geographical coordinates.
Mobile
Users generated and distributed during simulations. These users have, among other
parameters, defined services, terminal types, and mobility types assigned for the duration of
the simulations.
Receiver
A probe mobile, with the minimum required parameters needed for the calculation of path
loss, used for propagation loss and raster coverage predictions.
Bearer
A Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) used to carry data over the channel.
Forsk 2009
Slide 146 of 149

Peak RLC Throughput
The maximum RLC layer throughput (user or channel) that can be achieved at a given
location using the highest LTE bearer available. This throughput is the raw data rate without
considering the effects of retransmission due to errors and higher layer coding and
encryption.
Effective RLC Throughput

The net RLC layer throughput (user or channel) that can be achieved at a given location
using the highest LTE bearer available computed taking into account the reduction of
throughput due to retransmission due to errors.
Application Throughput
The application layer throughput (user or channel) that can be achieved at a given location
using the highest LTE bearer available computed taking into account the reduction of
throughput due to PDU/SDU header information, padding, encryption, coding, and other
types of overhead.
Channel Throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC or application throughputs achieved at a given location using the
highest LTE bearer available with the entire cell resources (downlink or uplink).
Forsk 2009
Slide 147 of 149

User Throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC or application throughputs achieved at a given location using the
highest LTE bearer available with the amount of resources allocated to a user by the
scheduler.
Traffic Loads
The uplink and downlink traffic loads are the percentages of the uplink and the downlink
frames in use (allocated) to the traffic (mobiles) in the uplink and in the downlink,
respectively.
Uplink Noise Rise

Uplink noise rise is a measure of uplink interference with respect to the uplink noise. This
parameter is one of the two methods in which uplink interference can be expressed with
respect to the noise. The other parameter often used instead of the uplink noise rise is the
uplink load factor. Usually, the uplink load factor is kept as a linear value (in %) while the
uplink noise rise is expressed in dB. The two parameters express exactly the same
information, and can be inter-converted.
Forsk 2009
Slide 148 of 149
THANK YOU!
Forsk 2009
Slide 149 of 149

Atoll 2.8.0 LTE Basic U

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ATOLL LTE FEATURES

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Context and Background

RF planning/optimisation tool requirements for LTE

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from IEEE and the WiMAX Forum

Third Generation Partnership Project

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Based on some form of OFDM

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CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev.A

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Potential market share for UMB: 11 %

Convergence of market and user needs

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Min 1.4 MHz

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100 Mbps to 1 Gbps in DL

100 Mbps for fast moving users

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FDM : single modulated radio signal per user

Time period for modulation: OFDM symbol

Adjustable guard periods : cyclic prefix used to dissipate multipath effect

Symbol rate = f(channel bandwidth, carrier spacing - Distance between subcarriers)

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OFDM Frequency and Time Domains

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Differences between FDM and OFDM

Carriers separated by guard bands low spectrum usage efficiency

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Differences between FDM and OFDM

Centre point of subcarrier c intersects with

Narrowband orthogonal carriers negligible inter-carrier-interference (ICI)

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Advanced OFDM : OFDMA

Each user is allocated the full channel : capacity wasting

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Improved resilience (ISI)

Better chance to correctly sample signal

Efficient usage of the spectrum

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Multiplexing and Duplexing

Can be deployed in FDD and TDD

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Multiple Access Techniques

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OFDM and OFDMA

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LTE Channel Structure

Equivalent of Subchannel in WiMAX

Each FB is composed of many Subcarriers

Two Subcarrier widths possible: 15 kHz, 7.5 kHz

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LTE Channel Structure

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LTE Frame Structure

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LTE Frame Structure

TDD Frame with (DwPTS, GP, and UpPTS as in TD-SCDMA)

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