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and Structure
Lipid
Lipid
Lipid
cis
3 2 1
Lipid
Lipid
Lipid
DEFINISI
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
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Lipid
Berdasarkan muatan
Neutral Lipid
TG
Kolesterol/ester
Polar lipid
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A. CLASSIFICATION
There are many different methods of classifying
lipids.
In this chapter used classification of lipids and
the biologic functions
FATTY ACIDS
TRIACYLGLYCEROL (triglyceride)
KETONE BODIES
PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES (Phospholipid)
SPHINGOLIPIDS
EIOCOSANOID (Prostaglandins,Thromboxanes,
Leucotrienes)
CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
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FATTY ACIDS
A. Nature and Nomenclature
Fatty acids are water-insoluble long-chain
hydrocarbon with one carboxyl group at
the end/beginning of the chain, which may
be saturated or unsaturated (Table 10.1
list some biologically important fatty acids)
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15
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Structure.
Double bonds in naturally occurring Fatty
acids are always in a cis
H H
CH2 C C CH2
cis
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B. SOURCES
The melting point of fatty acids is related to chain length and degree of unsaturation.
The longer the chain length, the higher the melting point, and the greater the number of double bonds the lower the melting point
C. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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TRIACYLGLYCEROLS : FATS
Structure
Triglycerides or triacylglycerols are triesters
of glycerol and three fatty acids.
The general formula is shown here
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Function
The long hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids
are extraordinarily efficient for energy
storage. In fact, storage of fatty acids in
organism is largely in the form of
triacylglycerols, or fats.
Fatty acids are converted to triglycerides
for transport between tissues and for
storage of metabolic fuel.
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KETONE BODIES
Keton bodies are small, water soluble,
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PHOSPHOLIPIDS
A. FUNCTION
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B. STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDE
Phosphoglycerides are triesters of
glycerol 3-phosphate
O
CH2 O C R1
O
R2 C O CH
O
CH2 O C R3
O
O
CH2 O C R1
R2 C CH
CH2 O P OH
OH
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Glycerophospholipid Structure
O
CH 2 O C R 1
O
O
CH O C R 2
R 3 O P O CH 2
OH
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C CLASSIFICATION OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDE
1. Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
2. Phosphatidylethanolamine (a cephalin)
3. Phosphatidylserine
4. Phosphatidylinositol
5. Cardiolipin
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D. PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES
1.
Amphipatic
Phosphoglycerides possessing both
hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups
2. Amphoteric
Phosphoglycerides bering both negatively
charged and positively charged groups
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SPHINGOLIPIDS
The greatest concentration of sphingolipids
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A. SPHINGOMYELIN
Function. Sphingomyelin are the major
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Sphingosin
O
OH
CH3 (CH2)12 CH = CH C CH NH C R
CH2
O
Phosphic acid
Fatty acid
O = P OH
+
O CH2 CH2 N(CH3)3
Cholin
Sphingomyelin
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B. GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID
Sphingolipids that contain carbohydrate
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Sia
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C. SPHINGOLIPIDOSES
There are a number of inherited genetic
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EICOSANOIDS
Eicosanoids are products of the
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A. PROSTAGLANDINS
1. Structure .
OH
COOH
Prostaglandin E1
OH
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2. Function
a. Prostaglandins are widely distributed in
tissues, but their role is not yet fully understood .
At very low concentrations prostaglandins have
been shown biologic activies, including:
(1) Smooth muscle contraction and relaction
(2) Gastric secretion
(3) Platelet aggregation
(4) Inflamatory response
(5) Response to trophic hormone (FSH & LH)
(6) Sodium and water retention by kidney
tubules
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B THROMBOXANES
1. Structure.
Thromboxanes are also analogs of
prostanoic acids, but they possess a sixmembered, oxygen containing ring
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2. Function
Thromboxane A2 (TX2) is produced by
platelets; it causes contraction of arteries
and platelet aggregation.
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STEROIDS
Steroids are lipids that contain four fused carbon
rings that form the steroid nucleus
cyclopentanoperhydrophenantrene
A.
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a. Steroid hormones
(1) The steroid hormones produced in humans
are formed and secreted by the adrenal
cortex, the testis, the ovary, and the
placenta.
In addition, the steroid compound, 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol is form in the kidney.
The structures are
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Testosterone
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b. Bile acids
The predominant bile acids in humans are cholic,
chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic, and lithocholic
acids (Figure 8-5)
1. Structure
a)
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2. Function.
Continuos conversion of cholesterol to
bile acids prevents the excessive
accumulation of cholesterol in tissues.
Bile acids are secreted with faeces
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SELESAI
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