FI-6121 System Fisis

Bumi
Lecturer: Dr. Linus Pasasa

Earth Material

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p1

Definitions
element - a substance that cannot be broken down into other
atom -

substances by ordinary chemical means.

the smallest possible particle of an element that still
retains the properties of that element.

mineral - (1) a naturally occurring inorganic element or compound

having an orderly internal structure and characteristic
chemical composition, crystal form, and physical
properties.
(2) a naturally occurring solid that has a
specific chemical composition in a periodically repeating
arrangement of atoms.
an aggregate of one or more minerals
Dr. Linus Pasasa
rockSystem
FI-6121

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Chemical Composition of the Earth

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Composition of the Crust

Eight elements (oxygen (47%), silicon
(28%) aluminum, iron, calcium,
sodium, potassium and magnesium)
form the bulk of the minerals in the
crust.
There are over 3000 known minerals
A mineral is a natural occurring substance
that is inorganic, has definite chemical
composition, and is crystalline
FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Group of Minerals
Silicate- most important group- examples
Quartz, feldspar (orthoclase, plagioclase), Mica
(Biotite & Muscovite), amphibole, pyroxene, olivine

Carbonate- calcite
Sulfides- galena & pyrite
Sulfates- gypsum
Oxides- hematite
Phosphate- apatite
Halides- halite
Natives- sulfur, copper, silver, gold

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Silicates

The Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron

Silicates

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Quart
z

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Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Orthoclase Feldspar

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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MuscoviteMica

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Hornblende

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Olivine

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Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Mineral Physical
characteristic

Color
Streak
Luster
Hardness
Crystalline form
Fracture
Cleavage
Others- striations, smell, odor etc.

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 13

Earth Materials

Rocks are
aggregation of
minerals, usually
made of two or
more minerals
FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Rocks

Three major rock

types
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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The Rock Cycle

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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The Rock Cycle

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are rocks that form from
molten material = magma
The molten rock is magma when it is
still within the earth and Lava when it
exposed on the earths surface
igneous

formed from fire

plutonic

formed at depth

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 18

Igneous Rocks

Igneous (ignus = fire)

Formed from the cooling of molten rock
(magma/lava), a process called
crystallization.
Slow cooling larger crystals > dense rock
Rapid cooling small crystals > lighter rock
Dr. Linus Pasasa
p 19
FI-6121 System

 Two classes of igneous rocks

intrusive: formed inside the Earth
extrusive: formed at Earths surface

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Lava cools
as
Extrusive
(volcanic )
rock

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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AA lava advancing over older Pahoihoi flow

(two varieties of basalt lava)

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Coarse grained
Gabbro
Porphyritic

Textures
of Igneous
Rocks

Rhyolite porphyry
Fine-grained
FI-6121 System

Andesite

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Properties of Igneous Rocks

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Igneous Intrusive Rocks

Cools slowly (thousands of years)
Visible crystals
Examples
- granite
gabbro

FI-6121 System

- diorite

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Igneous Extrusive Rocks

Cools rapidly - exposed to surface
No visible crystals
Examples
- rhyolite
-basalt

FI-6121 System

- andesite

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Igneous Rocks

Bowen's Reaction Series

Extrusive

FI-6121 System

Intrusive

basalt

gabbro

andesite

diorite

rhyolite

granite

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Some unique rock types

Pumice (vesicular)
- sometimes so light it floats!

FI-6121 System

Obsidian
glassy, curved fracturing
used for arrowheads by Native
Americans

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Obsidian (Basalt Glass)

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Granite and Rhyolite

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Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Basalt hand Specimen

Basalt thin section

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Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Basalt from
peridotite
by partial melting

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Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Andesite from
basalt by
Fractional
Crystallization

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Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Typical Igneous Intrusions

Know: Batholith and Dike

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Exposed Batholiths

Sierra Nevada, CA
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Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Sills and Dikes

Dike: Grand Canyon, AZ

Dike: Coast Ranges, BC

FI-6121 System

Linus Pasasa
GraniteDr.sill
in schistp 36

Sills and Dikes

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Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Igneous Extrusive
Landscapes

Volcanic cones, obsidian

flow: Mono Craters, CA
FI-6121 System

Volcanic neck and dike:

Shiprock, NM
Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 38

Sedimentary Rocks

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 39

Sedimentary Rocks
Definitions

deposition - the laying-down of rock-forming material by any

natural agent.
deposit - Earth material of any type that has accumulated
through the activities of water, wind, ice, or other
agents, such as precipitation.
depositional environment - the location in which deposition occurs

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 40

Weathering and Mass

Wasting
Weathering is the breakdown of
rock or chemical decomposition of
rock, thus two types of weathering:
Physical (Mechanical) and
Chemical
Physical
Chemical
FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 41

Physical weathering
Frost action
Salt action
Unloading
Plants
Animals
Heating & Cooling cycles (thermal)
FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 42

Chemical weathering
Other than the rock itself, water is
the most important substance
needed for chemical weathering
Hydration
Hydrolysis
carbonic
Solution
FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 43

Mass Wasting
The downward movement of earth
material under the influence of gravity
Classified based on material type,
velocity, water content
Types of Mass Wasting

Fall
Flow
Slump
Slide
Creep- this occurs imperceptibly

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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The weathering of granite

to sediment

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Weathered Granodiorite

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Sedimentary Rocks

Grain Size: The Udden-Wentworth Scale

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Sedimentary Rocks

Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks

conglomerate

sandstone

siltstone

graywacke

FI-6121 breccia
System

shale p 48

Dr. Linus Pasasa

Sedimentary Rocks

Carbonates and evaporitess

Carbonates

FI-6121 System

Evaporites

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 49

Sedimentary Rocks

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Carbonates

Bioclastic Limestones

coquina

chalk
coquina
coraline limestone

Inorganic Limestones
oolitic limestone
travertine
tufa

oolitic
limestone

Evaporites

chalk

anhydrite
rock gypsum
rock salt

FI-6121 System

anhydrite
CaSO4

rock salt
NaCl
Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Ooids in an Oolitic limestone

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Chert nodules in limestone

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Sedimentary
Rocks
Relative Abundance by
Type

Compaction

Cementing

Formation

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 53

Limestone (CaCO3)

Shale (fine grains)

Sandstone
FI-6121
System(larger grains)

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 54

Where do Sedimentary
Rocks Form?
Terrestrial
environments
(non-marine)
Rivers and floodplains
(fluvial environment)
Lakes
Deserts (aeolian
environment)
FI-6121 System

Marine
environments
Continental shelf
Continental slope
and rise (deep
sea fans)
Abyssal plain
Beach and
barrier islands
Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 55

Metamorphic Rocks

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Metamorphic Rocks

Unmetamorphosed
-granite
FI-6121 System

Metamorphosed
-Gneiss
Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Metamorphic Rocks

Progressive Metamorphism

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Quartzite

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Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Marble

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Metamorphic Rocks

Gneiss (broad foliation)

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Which Type?
FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

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Which Type?
Sedimentary
- limestone and shale
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System
Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 63

What type?
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Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 64

What type?

FI-6121 System

Metamorphic - Amitsoq
Linus Pasasa
Gneiss, Greenland,Dr.Oldest
knownp 65rocks

What type?

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Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 66

What type? Sedimentary - Sandstone in

FI-6121 System

Utah

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 67

What type?
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Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 68

What type? Extrusive Igneous FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

Reunion Island, S. Pacific

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Morro Rock, CA

What type?
FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 70

Devils Tower, Wyoming

Morro Rock, CA

What type? Intrusive Igneous

FI-6121 System
Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 71

The Rock Cycle

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 72

Next week topic:

Soil
And the Lord God formed man (woman) of dust
(soil) from the ground..and out of the ground the
Lord God formed every beast..bird

Soil: definitions depends on the field

Soil is the upper layer(s) of the earth in
which fine rock particles and organic
material provide the basis for plant life
(inorganic + organic + living things)

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 73

Why different Soils

Five major environmental factors in soil
formation
S = f(CROP)T

S = soil
F = function
C = climate
R = relief (topography)
O = organism (plants & animals)
P = parent materials

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 74

Soil profile
Layers/colors in soil = soil profile
Pedon = 3-D representation of soil

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 75

Soil Horizons
Soil Profile
Divided into three zones or horizons
O- accumulation of decaying matter (included in A
horizon)
A- zone of Eluviations
B- zone of Illuviation
C- transition zone between solum or true soil and
parent material

Solum or true soil is made up of A & B horizons

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 76

Soil Properties
Color

black, gray, brown, yellow, blue, green, red,

white
Black indicates the presence of organic (humic)
matter i.e. fertile soil
Red indicates the presence of iron compounds

Texture

Size of individual grains:

gravel, sand, silt and clay
(gravel is not considered here)
loamy soil, silty clay,
clayey sand

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 77

Soil Properties
Structure
Crumpy, granular,
blocky, columnar,
prismatic, and platy

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 78

Soil Properties
Chemistry
pH, Base ions (base cations)
Ca, Mg, K, Na clay minerals- illite, kaolinite,
montmorillonite

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 79

Pedogenic Regimes
Laterization (ferralitization)
Podzolization
Gleization
Calcification
Salinization

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 80

Soil Classification
Soil Orders

Oxisols heavy leaching equatorial/tropics

Ultosols- clay accumulation equatorial/tropics
Vertisols.. Tropics/subtropics
Alfisols.. Accumulation of clay subhumids
Spodosols- cold moist climates
Mollisols- subhumid- semiarid..chernozem..prairie
Aridisols- dry climates
Histosols- large accumulation of organic bog soil
Entisols- lack soil horizon
Inceptisols- some weakly developed soil horizon

FI-6121 System

Dr. Linus Pasasa

p 81