INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

PED 04

Joanne s. ruste bsed filipino ii-a

MARRIONETTES OR STRING PUPPETS

Puppets is a special dramatization

employing puppets or doll-like figures
of human or animal forms which are
operated mechanically or by hand. The
operator speaks for the puppet.
Puppets can be in the form of
marionettes, hand puppets or stick
puppets.

Advantages
*Drama can improve vocabulary and
reading comprehension.
*Dramatizations provide for the
development of intelligences like
linguistic and bodily-kinesthetic which
could not enhanced through ordinary
pen-and-paper test.
*Drama could also develop skills in
acquiring a foreign language.
*Drama can stir the learners creativity and

Drama could be helpful in teaching

attitude areas including trust, selfacceptance, acceptance of others, and
empowerment.
The dramatizations could present a
large chunk of concepts within a short
time.

Limitations

*Dramatizations require a great deal of

money and labor.
*Content may get out of context if role
playing is for older students.
Utilization guidelines
*The teacher should introduce
dramatization carefully and see to it
that the class takes it seriously.

*Choose characters as appropriately as

possible.
* There should be follow-up discussion after the
dramatization.
*The teacher must keep control of situations to
provide continuity of the activity. However,
students ideas should be considered, while
providing them with correct answers.
*Emphasize to the class the appropriate actions,
expressions, voice, and interpretation rather
than clothing and scenery.

*Teach students some routines for work. For

example, if the teachers raises his/her hand and
says, Freeze, students should know when to
stop moving and listen to what the teachers has
to say.
*Brief all students before the activity. Describe the
situations and indicate what non-participants
should do.
*students should be oriented on the beginning
and end of the drama so that the learners will
have a proper mindset on when to focus back on
the class activities.

DIORAMAS

Dioramas comes from the Greek words di

meaning through and orama meaning
that which is seen a sight. The word
diorama literally meansto see through or
through that which is seen. Dioramas are
static displays creating a realistic scene.
They consist of three-dimensional
foreground, usually models of people,
animals, equipment, vehicles or buildings
and flat background, usually a photograph,
drawing or painting. Hence, these are also
called exhibits in a box.

Advantages
Exhibits can be used to reproduce scenes
from the past or depict scenes in the future.
Limitations
* Exhibits demand enough space in a room.
*Preparation of exhibits may take a lot of time.
Utilization Guidelines
*The exhibits must be large enough to be easily
seen.
*The exhibit must attract attention

*The exhibit must be well lighted.

*The exhibit must be built around one
central idea.
*The captions of the exhibit must be short
and simple.
*The exhibit must convey the message at
a glance.
*The materials in the exhibit must not be
crowded together.

FLASHCARD

Flashcards are valuable materials for drill

activities particularly in the teaching of
mathematics, english, and filipino. Flash cards
come in the form of pictures cards, words
cards, phrase cards, sentence cards or
mathematical cards.
Advantages
*flash cards can be an important means of fixing
skills and automatizing responses of students.
*flas cards can be easily made from recycled
materials.

*flash cards are easy to use and can be easily

carried.
Limitations
*Flash cards may be small to be seen by the
entire class.
*If flashing is too snappy, the students could
find difficulty in recognizing what is in the
flash card.
Utilization Guidelines
*The flash cards must be bold and big enough
to be seen by everybody in the class.

*Flash the cards in snappy manner to

develop fast thinking or response.
*Flash the cards from back to the front.
*Answers or labels should be written at the
back of the flash cards so that the
teacher will be able to check whether the
answer is correct.
*Hold the flash cards firmly at the chest
level.

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

A graphic organizer, also known as knowledge

map, is a communication tool that uses visual
symbols to express knowledge, thoughts, or
ideas and the relationship between them.
Advantage
*Graphic organizer are one way for visual
thinkers to arranged their ideas. There are
unlimited ways to express this visual ideas.
*Graphic organizers can be used in all phases
of learning from brain storming ideas to
presenting findings .

Limitations
*Graphic organizer could be subject to
misinterpretations.
Utilization Guidelines
*Many excellent teachers utilize a wide
array techniques for enabling students
to learn

COMIC STRIP

Advantages
*Strip drawing can be easily read and
understood: thus encouraged reading.
*Cartoons satisfy childrens idea of art.
*Aside from verbal cues, cartoons and strip
drawings contain illustrations.
Limitations
In interpreting cartoons and strip drawings,
there is a tendency to focus only on the
colorful drawings rather than on the words
accompanying them.

*Pictures or drawings are usually

exaggerated, which could lead to
misinterpretation.
Utilization Guidelines
*Although cartoons can be used for young
learners, this can be more effective for
older ones who could understand the
message for which they are intended.
* Cartoons must not contain so many
details.

FLIP CHARTS

Flip charts is a stationary item consisting

of a pad of large paper sheets. It is
typically fixed to the upper edge of a
whiteboard, typically supported on a
tripod or four- legged easel. Such
charts are commonly used for
presentations.
Advantages
*Charts can present summaries of
information.
*Charts can be easily made by students.

*Charts can be moved with ease from one

place to another.
Limitations
*Charts cannot show motion.
*Big charts can be cumbersome to handle.
*Charts can be outdated.
Utilization Guidelines
*Plan well to make sure charts fit the lesson.

*Parts of the chart should be clear, neat,

and detailed enough for vivid viewing.
*Avoid crowding the graphics to be
shown.
*When identifying a portion, a pointer
could be used.
*In presenting the chart, attach it on the
wall, rather than holding it.

*Drama experiences should involve

warm-ups like simple body exercises or
role internalizations.
It is better if drama activities are
schedule in the morning when students
are more attentive.
*focus drama in the classroom, so that
there is ease in shifting to the class
activities

POP UPS

Pop ups a book that contains one or

more pages such that a threedimensional structure rises up when a
page is opened.
Advantages
*One obvious advantage is visibility, its
the first thing that visitors see when
they see your pop ups.

Limitations
If not implemented correctly, It can
drive away your current audience.
Utilization Guidelines
* Check the vision of students seated in
different locations around the
classroom.