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Cell Structure a
nd Function
Outline
Cell Theory
Cell Size
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Organelles
Nucleus
Endomembrane System
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles, Cilia, and Flagella
Cell Structure
and Function
Cell Theory
Cell Structure
and Function
Organisms and
Cells
Sizes of Living
Things
Cell Size
Cell Structure
and Function
TotalSurfaceArea
(HeightWidthNumberOfSidesNumberOfCubes)
96cm2
192cm2
384cm2
TotalVolume
(HeightWidthLengthXNumberOfCubes)
64cm3
64cm3
64cm3
SurfaceAreaPerCube/VolumePerCube
(SurfaceArea/Volume)
1.5/1
3/1
6/1
science
focus
Cell Structure
Microscopy Today:
and Function
Compound Light Microscope
Microscopy Today:
Transmission Electron Microscope
Abbreviated T.E.M.
science
focus
Cell Structure
and Function
science
focus
Microscopy Today:
Scanning Electron Microscope
Cell Structure
and Function
10
Abbreviated S.E.M.
Specimen sprayed with thin coat of metal
Electron beam scanned across surface of
specimen
Metal emits secondary electrons
11
Microscopy Today:
Immunofluorescence Light Microscope
Antibodies developed against a specific
protein
science
focus
Cell Structure
and Function
science
focus
Microscopy Today:
Confocal Microscopy
Cell Structure
and Function
12
science
focus
Microscopy Today:
Video-enhanced Contrast Microscopy
Cell Structure
and Function
13
Microscopy Today:
Phase Contrast Microscopy
Great for transparent specimens with low
contrast, like living cells
Some organelles have higher density than
others
science
focus
Cell Structure
and Function
14
15
16
Prokaryotic Cells:
Domains
Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
Structurally simple
Two domains:
Bacteria
Three Shapes
Bacillus
(rod)
Coccus (spherical)
Spirilla (spiral)
Archaea
Live in extreme habitats
Cell Structure
and Function
17
Shapes of Bacterial
Cells
18
19
Prokaryotic Cells:
The Envelope
Cell Structure
and Function
Cell Envelopes
Glycocalyx
Layer of polysaccharides outside cell wall
May be slimy and easily removed, or
Well organized and resistant to removal
(capsule)
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Like in eukaryotes
Form internal pouches (mesosomes)
20
Prokaryotic Cells:
Cytoplasm & Appendages
Cell Structure
and Function
21
Cytoplasm
Semifluid solution
Bounded by plasma membrane
Contains inclusion bodies Stored granules of
various substances
Appendages
Flagella Provide motility
Fimbriae small, bristle-like fibers that sprout
from the cell surface
Sex pili rigid tubular structures used to pass
DNA from cell to cell
Eukaryotic Cells
Domain Eukarya
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Cells contain:
Membrane-bound nucleus
Specialized organelles
Plasma membrane
Cell Structure
and Function
22
Eukaryotic Cells :
Organelles
Cell Structure
and Function
23
Compartmentalization:
Allows eukaryotic cells to be larger than
prokaryotic cells
Isolates reactions from others
Two classes:
Endomembrane system:
Organelles that communicate with one another
via
membrane channels
Via small vesicles
Plasma
Membrane
24
25
science
focus
Cell Structure
and Function
26
Science
Focus
Grind
cells
Centrifuge
@ 600 g
Sediment
Sediment
contains
contains
nuclei
nuclei
27
Figure4C
Then
centrifuge
longer
@ 15,000 g
Then
centrifuge
even longer
@ 100,000 g
Sediment
Sediment
contains
contains
mitochondria,
mitochondria,
lysosomes
lysosomes
Sediment
Sediment
contains
contains
ribosomes,
ribosomes,
ER
ER
Soluble
Soluble
portion
portionof
of
cytoplasm.
cytoplasm.
No
No
sediment
sediment
28
29
Nucleus
Cell Structure
and Function
30
Anatomy of the
Nucleus
31
Ribosomes
Cell Structure
and Function
May be located:
On the endoplasmic reticulum (thereby
making it rough), or
Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in
groups called polyribosomes
32
Figure4.9
33
Endomembrane System
Cell Structure
and Function
34
Endomembrane System:
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell Structure
and Function
Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes on cytoplasmic side
Protein anabolism
Synthesizes proteins
Modifies proteins
Adds
sugar to protein
Results in glycoproteins
Smooth ER
No ribosomes
Synthesis of lipids
35
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
36
Golgi Apparatus
37
Lysosomes
38
Endomembrane System:
The Golgi Apparatus
Cell Structure
and Function
Golgi Apparatus
Consists of 3-20 flattened, curved saccules
Resembles stack of hollow pancakes
Modifies proteins and lipids
Packages them in vesicles
Receives vesicles from ER on cis face
Prepares for shipment in vesicles from trans
face
Within
cell
Export
39
Endomembrane System:
Lysosomes
Cell Structure
and Function
40
Peroxisomes
Cell Structure
and Function
Similar to lysosomes
Membrane-bounded vesicles
Enclose enzymes
However
Enzymes synthesized by free ribosomes in
cytoplasm (instead of ER)
Active in lipid metabolism
Catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen
peroxide H2O2
Toxic
Broken down to water & O2 by catalase
42
Peroxisome
s
43
Vacuoles
Cell Structure
and Function
44
Vacuoles
45
Energy-Related Organelles:
Chloroplast Structure
Cell Structure
and Function
46
Energy-Related Organelles:
Chloroplasts
Cell Structure
and Function
47
Energy-Related
Organelles:
Chloroplast Structure
48
Energy-Related Organelles:
Mitochondria
Cell Structure
and Function
49
Energy-Related
Organelles:
Mitochondrial Structure
50
The Cytoskeleton
Cell Structure
and Function
51
The Cytoskeleton:
Actin Filaments
Cell Structure
and Function
52
The Cytoskeleton:
Actin Filament
Operation
53
The Cytoskeleton:
Intermediate Filaments
Cell Structure
and Function
54
Functions:
Support nuclear envelope
Cell-cell junctions, like those holding skin cells
tightly together
The Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules
Cell Structure
and Function
55
The Cytoskeleton:
Microtubule
Operation
56
Microtubular Arrays:
Centrioles
Cell Structure
and Function
57
Cytoskeleton
:
Centrioles
58
Microtubular arrays:
Cilia and Flagella
Cell Structure
and Function
59
Structure of a
Flagellum
60
Review
Cell Theory
Cell Size
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Organelles
Nucleus
Endomembrane System
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles, Cilia, and Flagella
Cell Structure
and Function
61
Cell Structure a
nd Function