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Systems
EE 180
Memory Unit
stores both data and instructions.
Typically consists of ROM and RAM.
Input/Output Unit
Interface for transferring of data between the microcomputer
Levels of Integration
Smallscale integration (SSI)
several independent gates in a single package.
The inputs and outputs of the gates are
connected directly to the pins in the package.
usually fewer than 10 gates and is limited by
the number of pins available in the IC.
Mediumscale integration (MSI)
approximately 10 to 1,000 gates in a single
package.
usually perform specific elementary digital
operations.
Levels of Integration
Largescale integration (LSI)
thousands of gates in a single package.
They include digital systems such as processors,
memory chips, and programmable logic devices.
Very largescale integration (VLSI)
contain millions of gates within a single package.
Ex. large memory arrays and complex
microcomputer chips.
small size and low cost,
Microcontrollers
single-chip microcomputers.
typically used for dedicated
applications
Example:
automotive systems
home appliances
home entertainment systems
Basic Blocks of a
microcomputer
Address Bus
Information transfer takes place only in one
direction
microprocessor -> memory or I/O elements.
"unidirectional bus.
Address Bus
For example, a microprocessor with 20 address
Data Bus
data can flow in both directions, that is, to or
from the
microprocessor. a bidirectional bus.
Control Bus
consists of a number of signals that are used
Clock Signals
System clock signals are in the control bus.
These signals generate the appropriate clock
Important
Its clock frequency determines the speed of
the microcomputer.
# of data determines the MPUs word size
# of address determines the maximum
memory size.
MPUs I/O and interfacing capabilities are
LOGIC IN CPU
Register Section
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit
Register Section
Basic Microprocessor Registers
Instruction Register (IR). The instruction
register stores instructions. The contents of an
instruction register are always decoded by the
microprocessor as an instruction. A l6-bit
microprocessor has a 16-bit instruction register.
Program Counter (PC). The program counter
contains the address of the instruction or operation
code (op-code). The program counter normally
contains the address of the next instruction to be
executed. It is basically the queuing system for the
op-code.
accumulator-based or
a general-purpose register-based
machine.
In an accumulator-based microprocessor such as the
Carry flag
The carryflag is used to reflect whether or not
Zero flag
is used to show whether the result of an
Parity Flag
A parity flag is set to 1 to indicate whether
Sign Flag
The sign flag (also sometimes called the
Overflow Flag
the overflow flag arises from the
Review
Determine the carry (C), sign (S), zero (Z),
Review
Determine the carry (C), sign (S), zero (Z),
Control Unit
The main purpose of the control unit is to read
RESET
This input is common to all microprocessors.
READ/WRITE
This output line is common to all
READY
This is an input to the microprocessor. Slow
Memory
The main or external memory stores both