search Methodology

Presented by : CHIPPY,R.S.

RESEARCH
Its a systematic enquiry which provides
solution for a Problem

Objectives of Research
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon
To analyze the characteristics of an individual,
group or situation
To determine the frequency of occurrence of a
certain phenomenon
To test a casual relationship between variables
To develop new techniques, concept or theories
To find solution for a Problem (Ultimate
Objective)

Research Design
It is a logical and systematic plan to conduct
a research study
It specifies the objectives of the study and
the methodology and technique to be
adopted to achieve the objectives
It involves:
1. Sampling design
2. Data collection design
3. Statistical design
4. Report design

Research Problem
Some difficulty experienced by a researcher in
the context of either a theory or practical
situation which require a solution

Statement of the Problem

Concise description of the issues that need to
be addressed by a problem solving team and
should be presented to them (or created by
them) before they try to solve the problem

Primary Data & Secondary Data

Data observed or conducted directly from
first hand experience(Primary data)
Published data and the data collected in the
past or other parties (Secondary data)

Hypothesis
A

supposition

or

explanation(theory)

that

is

provisionally accepted in order to interpret certain

events or phenomena, and to provide guidance for
further investigation.
A hypothesis may be proven correct or wrong , and
must be capable of refutation
If it remains un refuted by facts, it is said to be
verified.

Sources of Hypothesis
Personal experience
Imagination & Thinking
Observation
Scientific Theory
Previous Study and Culture

Null Hypothesis
A proposition

that undergoes verification

to

determine if it should be accepted or rejected in

favor of an alternative proposition.
Often null hypothesis is expressed as: there is no
relationship between two quantities.
Eg: H0:- A ten percentage increase in price will
not adversely affect the sale of this product

Alternate Hypothesis
Ha

Type -1 Error ( error)

Rejection of H0 which should have been accepted

Type -2 Error ( error)

Accepting H0 which should have been rejected

Sampling
Statistical method of obtaining representative data
or observations from a group ( lot, batch, population
or universe)

Types of Sampling
Probability sampling
Non-Probability sampling

Probability sampling
Every unit in the population has a chance(greater
than zero) of being selected in the sample and this
probability can be accurately determined.

1.Simple random : Equal opportunities for all (Lottery, Table of

random numbers, computer)
2.Systematic sampling : Based on sampling interval.
3.Stratified random Sampling: Heterogeneous group and each one
want representation (Engineers, Local workers, Etc.)
4.Cluster Sampling : Specific Community
5.Multistage Sampling : Using several stages of Sampling
6.Multiphase Sampling: sampling units are different types at different stages

Non-Probability sampling
Any sampling method where some elements of
population have no chance of selection or where the
probability

of

selection

cant

be

accurately

determined. It involves the selection of elements

based on assumptions regarding the population of
interest, which forms the criteria for selection. Hence
because the selection of elements is non random,
non probability sampling not allows the estimation of
sampling errors.

1.Accidental Sampling
2.Quota Sampling
3.Judgment Sampling
4.Snowball Sampling : Building up respondents
with the help of References

Pilot Study
Conduct a preliminary analysis before committing
to a full-blown study

Standard Error
Standard deviation of sampling distribution

Footnotes
Notes placed at the bottom of the page to cite
references or comment on a designated part
of the text above it

Thank You