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Gap Junction
Tight Junction
Desmosom
Adhesi Sel
Matriks Ekstrasel

Gap Junction
A gap junction or nexus is a junction
between certain animal cell-types that
allows different molecules and ions, mostly
small intracellular signaling molecules
(intracellular mediators), to pass freely
between cells. The junction connects the
cytoplasm of cells. One gap junction is
composed of two connexons (or
hemichannels) which connect across the
intercellular space. They are analogous to
the plasmodesmata that join plant cells[1].

Tight Junction
Tight junctions, or zonula occludens,
are the closely associated areas of
two cells whose membranes join
together forming a virtual
impermeable barrier to fluid. It is a
type of junctional complex only
present in vertebrates. The
corresponding junctions that occur in
invertebrates are septate junctions.

Desmosom
A desmosome, also known as macula adherens
(Latin: adhering spot), is a cell structure specialized
for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional
complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions
randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma
membranes.
Desmosomes help to resist shearing forces and are
found in simple and stratified squamous epithelium.
The intercellular space is very wide (about 30nm).
Desmosomes are also found in muscle tissue where
they bind muscles cells to one another.

Matriks ekstrasel
Tissues in animals are not just made of cells: they also
contain significant quantities of extracellular space,
into which an extensive extracellular matrix may have
been secreted. Also, don't forget that plants and fungi
(and bacteria for that matter) also have an ECM, only
we call them 'walls'. Likewise, don't forget chitin in
arthropods: chitin and cellulose are by far the most
abundant biopolymers on earth.

The ECM is anything but an inert glue

r scaffolding: components such as
laminin and fibronectin can guide the
formation of capillary networks and
other ordered features when added
to homogenous cultures of cells. The
ECM in fact plays at least three
important roles:

 Mechanical: tensile and compressive

strength and elasticity.
Protection: buffering against
extracellular change and retention of
water.
Organisation: control of cell behaviour
by binding of growth factors and
interaction will cell-surface receptors.

 ECM may also be specialised to play

particular roles. The matrix of bone and
tooth enamel is highly mineralised to
withstand compression, whilst the ECM
that forms the cornea of the eye is
transparent to light. Highly elastic ECM is
found in tendons, and it should not be
forgotten that everybody contains
several litres of liquid ECM, the blood
plasma.

 The most typical form of ECM is that found in

connective tissue, which is the mixture of cells
and ECM found in much of the body. The
connective tissue is surrounded by specialised
ECM called the basal lamina, which underlies
epithelial cells. Immune cells are often present
too, but these are for defense, not for generation
of ECM: connective tissue is primarily generated
by fibroblasts. Specialised fibroblasts include
chondroblasts (which secrete cartilage) and
osteoblasts (which secrete bone).

 The ECM is composed of a mixture or

water, proteins and carbohydrates.
The main macromolecular components
of the ECM are glycosaminoglycans
(GAGs, acidic polysaccharide
derivatives); proteins such as collagen,
elastin, fibronectin and laminin; and
proteoglycans, which are proteins with
GAGs attached to them covalently