THERMOCOUPLES

NOZZLES & DIFFUSERS

B A L M E S N A V A LTA P U E B L O

Metal A
WIRING TO SIGNAL
CONDITIONING
CIRCUITRY

Metal B
Measurement
Junction

Reference
Junction

thermocouple
an

electrical

device

that

responds

to

d i ff e r e n c e i n t e m p e r a t u r e b y p r o d u c i n g a n
electric current.

Ty p e s o f T h e r m o c o u p l e

Chromel
90% nickel
10% chromium

Alumel
95% nickel
2%
manganese
2% aluminum

Constanta
n
55%
copper
45% nickel

The Most Common

K-type Thermocouple

inexpensive, accurate, reliable, and

has a wide temperature range

The Principle

when any conductor is subjected to a

thermal gradient, it will generate a
voltage. This is now known as the
t h e r m o e l e c t r i c e ff e c t o r S e e b e c k e ff e c t .

The Process

reference junction compensation (cold junction

compensation)

Since the thermocouple is a differential device rather than an

absolute temperature measurement device, the reference
junction temperature must be known to get an accurate
absolute temperature reading (the reference junction is kept at
a fixed, known temperature).

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

Wide Temperature
Range
Robust
Rapid Response
No Self Heating

Complex Signal Conditioning

Susceptible to Corrosion

Applications

Temperature measurement for kilns, gas turbine exhaust,

diesel engines
Gas appliance safety
Thermopile Radiation Sensors
Prototype Testing
Thermoelectric Cooling
Vacuum Gauge

Insulated thermocouple

Thermocouple connectors

Industrial type thermocouple

Mineral Coated Thermocouples

NOZZLES vs. DIFFUSERS

Nozzle
is a device designed to control the direction or
characteristics of a fluid flow (especially to
increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an
enclosed chamber or pipe.

Ty p e s o f N o z z l e s

Jet
A gas jet, fluid jet, or hydro jet is a nozzle intended to
eject gas or fluid in a coherent stream into a
surrounding medium. Gas jets are commonly found in
gas stoves, ovens, or barbecues.
High velocity
Frequently, the goal is to increase the kinetic energy of
the flowing medium at the expense of its pressure and
internal energy.

Propelling
A jet exhaust produces a net thrust from the energy
obtained from combusting fuel which is added to the
inducted air. This hot air passes through a high speed
nozzle, a propelling nozzle, which enormously increases
its kinetic energy.
Magnetic
Magnetic nozzles have also been proposed for some
types of propulsion, such as VASIMR, in which the flow of
plasma is directed by magnetic fields instead of walls
made of solid matter.

Spray
is a precision device that facilitates dispersion of
liquid into a spray

Shaped
Some nozzles are shaped to produce a stream that
is of a particular shape

D i ff u s e r s
a device that controls the characteristics of a
fluid at the entrance to a thermodynamic open
system

Diffusers are used to slow the fluid's velocity and to

enhance its mixing into the surrounding fluid. In
contrast, a nozzle is often intended to increase the
discharge velocity and to direct the flow in one particular
direction.

H VA C
H e a t i n g Ve n t i l a t i n g - A i r c o n d i t i o n i n g

A nozzle is a device which accelerates fluid. During this process,

velocity of fluid increases with decreasing pressure.

A diffuser is a device which slows down fluid. That means,

velocity of fluid decreases with increasing pressure.