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Module Objectives
After completing this module, the participant should be able to:
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
Throughput
Latency
Fa
cto
r
2-3
or
10
ct
Fa
HSPA
LTE
HSPA
LTE
UMTS
HSPA
I-HSPA
LTE
LTE: lower cost per bit and improved end user experience
For public use IPR applies
9
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Traffic volume
Traffic
Profitability
/bit
Revenue
Network
cost
Time
Voice
dominated
Data
dominated
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
GSM/WCDMA/HSPA
and CDMA
OFDM technology
Flat, scalable IP based
Decreased cost / GB
architecture
GSM/WCDMA/HSPA
and cdma2000
Specification:
IMS
HSDPA
UMTS Rel 99/4
2000
UMTS Rel 5
2003
MBMS
WLAN IW
HSUPA
IMS Evolution
LTE Studies
UMTS Rel 6
UMTS Rel 7
UMTS Rel 8
2005
2007
2008
2009
year
LTE have been developed by the same standardization organization. The target has been
simple multimode implementation and backwards compatibility.
HSPA and LTE have in common:
Sampling rate using the same clocking frequency
Same kind of Turbo coding
The harmonization of these parameters is important as sampling and Turbo decoding are
typically done on hardware due to high processing requirements.
WiMAX and LTE do not have such harmonization.
For public use IPR applies
13
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ms
350
300
Mbps
250
200
150
GSM/
EDGE
100
HSPA
Rel6
50
0
HSPA R6
Evolved HSPA
(Rel. 7/8, 2x2
MIMO)
LTE 2x20
MHz (4x4
MIMO)
HSPAevo
(Rel8)
LTE
min max
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200 ms
ACTIVE
IDLE
(no resources)
Resource
Allocated
No resource
< 100 ms
< 50 ms
Scalable
Bandwidth
Scalable bandwidth
Scalable bandwidth
of 1.4 20 MHz
LTE
UMTS
2.1 GHz
or
2.6 GHz
2.1 GHz
2006
LTE
LTE
UMTS
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Rural
UMTS
LTE
or
2006
LTE
GSM
900 MHz
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Reference:
- HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960
- HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335
- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia
simulations
Core
Control
MME
IMS
HLR/HSS
Internet
Evolved Node B
For public use IPR applies
18
Nokia Siemens Networks
GateWay
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
mobility
2000
2005
2010
time
WCDMA/cdma2000
HIGH
GSM/IS95
AMPS
3G
LTE
HSPA
3G Enhacements
3G Evolution
2G
1G
WiMAX Family
802.16a/d
LOW
WLAN Family
< 200 kbps
802.11
< 1 Mbps
< 10 Mbps
802.11a/b/g
< 50 Mbps
802.16e
802.11n
< 100 Mbps
data rates
< 1 Gbps
Licenced
Licenced
FDD
FDDband
band
HSPA/LTE
HSPA/LTE
Licenced
Licenced
TDD
TDDband
band
WiMAX
WiMAX
Interworking
GSM
WCDMA
LTE
HSPA R7
(HSPA+)
WiMAX TDD
20 MHz
LTE R8 FDD
2x20 MHz
WLAN
802.11g/n
160 / 50
Mbps
54 Mbps
260Mbps
50 ms
30 ms
30 ms
10 ms
<5 ms
0.7 / 0.4
1.4 / 0.6
1.5 / 0.6
2.1 / 0.9
<0.51.0
1823
30
18
4555
12
162 dB
162 dB
153 dB
162 dB
110 dB
Spectrum
IMT-2000 bands
IMT-2000 bands
IMT-2000 bands
2400, 5400
2.87.4 km
2.87.4 km
0.61.5 km
2.87.4 km
30100 m
All radio standards show comparable performance under comparable conditions and similar feature set:
Laws of physics apply to all of them (Shannon Theory)
User rates mainly depend on bandwidth, modulation/coding and availability of MIMO (2x2 assumed)
Spectrum Efficiency is determined by Frequency Reuse and Feature Set (e.g. FSPS, MIMO, )
Latency (e.g. PING Performance) depends on chosen Frame Duration or TTI
Coverage depends on frequency band, RF power limitations and duplex mode
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
FEASIBILITY STUDY
2H/2005
1H/2006
Multiple Access
Decision
Japan
RAN/CN
functional split
2H/2006
1H/2007
Feasibility study
closed
2H/2007
Radio
specifications
approved
Demonstrate LTE
Air Interface
Japan
Performance
2009
2010
2011
2009
Operator Trials.
Friendly-use
networks
2010
LTE Networks
Launch:
commercial
solution available
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
RNC
SGSN
GGSN
User plane
Control Plane
Original 3G architecture.
2 nodes in the RAN.
2 nodes in the PS Core Network.
Every Node introduces additional delay.
Common path for User plane and Control plane data.
Air interface based on WCDMA.
RAN interfaces based on ATM.
Option for Iu-PS interface to be based on IP.
For public use IPR applies
28
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SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
RNC
Direct tunnel
User plane
Control Plane
Separated path for Control Plane and User Plane data in the PS
Core Network.
Direct GTP tunnel from the GGSN to the RNC for User plane data:
simplifies the Core Network and reduces Signalling.
First step towards a flat network Architecture.
30% core network OPEX and CAPEX savings with Direct Tunnel.
The SGSN still controls traffic plane handling, performs session and
mobility management, and manages paging.
Still 2 nodes in the RAN.
For public use IPR applies
29
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SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
(RNC Funct.)
Direct tunnel
User plane
Control Plane
MME
SAE GW
Internet
Evolved Node B
Direct tunnel
User plane
Control Plane
RNC
SGSN
GGSN
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
RNC
Direct tunnel
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
Node B
(RNC Funct.)
Direct tunnel
MME
SAE GW
Internet
Evolved Node B
For public use IPR applies
32
Nokia Siemens Networks
Direct tunnel
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
IP Network
IP Network
IP Network
OFDMA/SC-FDMA
MIMO ( beam-forming/
spatial multiplexing)
Evolved Node B /
No RNC
PS Domain only,
No CS Domain
HARQ
IP Transport Layer
IP Transport Layer
Scalable bandwidth
UL/DL resource
scheduling
QoS Aware
QoS Aware
3GPP (GTP) or
IETF (MIPv6)
Self Configuration
Prepared for
Non-3GPP Access
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
User 2
User 1
User 3
User ..
OFDMA
FDMA
CDMA
Frequency Division
Code Division
Frequency Division
Orthogonal subcarriers
s
e
d
co
OFDM is the state-of-the-art and most efficient and robust air interface
For public use IPR applies
39
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64QAM
Modulation
TX
RX
Tx
MIMO
Channel
HARQ Hybrid
Automatic
Repeat Request
Rx
scalable
DL: OFDMA
UL: SC-FDMA
Target
SAE/LTE
14.4
> 100
144
Spectral
Efficiency
(bps/Hz/cell)
0.75
3..4 times
HSDPA
1.84
DOWNLINK
UPLINK
SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)
HSUPA (Rel6)
Target
SAE/LTE
5.67
> 50
57
Spectral
Efficiency
(bps/Hz/cell)
0.26
2..3 times
HSUPA
0.67
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
LSTI
For public use IPR applies
45
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Network Architecture
TS 23.401
TS 23.402
TR 23.882
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Long Term Evolution (LTE) access
3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE): Architecture enhancements for non-3GPP accesses
3GPP system architecture evolution (SAE): Report on technical options and conclusions
TR 29.803
TR 29.804
Evolved UTRAN
TS 36.101
TS 36.104
TS 36.141
TS 36.201
TS 36.211
TS 36.212
TS 36.213
TS 36.214
TS 36.300
TS 36.302
TS 36.304
TS 36.306
TS 36.321
TS 36.322
TS 36.323
TS 36.331
TS 36.401
TS 36.410
TS 36.411
TS 36.412
TS 36.413
TS 36.414
TS 36.420
TS 36.421
TS 36.422
TS 36.423
TS 36.424
TS 36.508
TS 36.521-1
TS 36.521-2
TS 36.523-1
TS 36.523-2
TS 36.523-3
TR 36.801
TR 36.803
TR 36.804
TR 36.938
TR 36.942
3GPP LTE/SAE
Specification
Series
NGMN Consortium
2007
2008
IODT
2010
Proof of Concept
Test of basic
functions
Interoperability
IOT
Friendly customer
trials
Public Relation work
2009
Trials
PR
Module Contents
Why LTE?
LTE main requirements
LTE versus other Mobile technologies
LTE Specification work done and scheduled
Network Architecture Evolution
LTE key features
Basics of the LTE Air Interface
Standardisation around LTE
LTE Summary
Access
Core
LTE BTS
(eNodeB)
MME/GW
OFDMA in DL
SC-FDMA in UL
eUtran
IMS
HLR/HS
S
RF Modulation:
RAN
Control
MME
GW
Appendix
WiMAX
LTE
Proven technology
Broadband multimedia
with full mobility