Wind loading and structural response

Lecture 12 Dr. J.D. Holmes

Along-wind dynamic response

Dynamic response
Significant resonant dynamic response can occur under wind actions
for structures with n1 < 1 Hertz (approximate)
All structures will experience fluctuating loads below resonant
frequencies (background response)
Significant resonant response may not occur if damping is high enough
e.g. electrical transmission lines - pendulum modes - high aerodynamic
damping

Dynamic response

Spectral density of a response to wind :

background
component

resonant
contributions

Dynamic response

Time history of fluctuating wind force

D(t)

time

Dynamic response

Time history of fluctuating wind force

D(t)

Time history of response :

x(t)

time

High
n1

time

Structure with high natural frequency

Dynamic response

Time history of fluctuating wind force

D(t)

Time history of response :

x(t)

time

Low n1

time

Structure with low natural frequency

Dynamic response

Features of resonant dynamic response :

Time-history effect : when vibrations build up structure response at

any given time depends on history of loading
Additional forces resist loading : inertial forces, damping forces
Stable vibration amplitudes : damping forces = applied loads
inertial forces (mass acceleration) balance elastic forces in structure
effective static loads : ( 1 times) inertial forces

Dynamic response

Comparison with dynamic response to earthquakes :

Earthquakes are shorter duration than most wind storms

Dominant frequencies of excitation in earthquakes are 10-50 times higher
than wind loading
Earthquake forces appear as fully-correlated equivalent lateral forces
wind forces (along-wind and cross wind) are partially-correlated fluctuating
forces

Dynamic response

Comparison with dynamic response to earthquakes :

Dynamic response

Random vibration approach :

Uses spectral densities (frequency domain) for calculation :

Dynamic response

Along-wind response of single-degree-of freedom structure :

mass-spring-damper
system, mass small w.r.t.
length scale of turbulence

representative of large mass

supported by a low-mass column
c

D(t)
m

n1

equation of motion :

1
2

k
m

c
2 mk

mx cx kx D(t)

Dynamic response

Along-wind response of single-degree-of freedom structure :

by quasi-steady assumption (Lecture 9) :
D' C Do
2

4D 2 2
a U u' A CD a U u' A 2 u'
U
2

since :

in terms of spectral
density :
hence :

4D 2
SD (n) 2 Su (n )
U

CD

D
1
a U 02 A
2

4D 2
0 SD (n).dn U 2 0 Su (n).dn
this is relation between spectral density
of force and velocity

Dynamic response

Along-wind response of single-degree-of freedom structure :

deflection :

X(t) = X + x'(t)

mean deflection :

D
k

spectral density :
Sx (n)

k = spring stiffness

1
2
H(n)
SD (n)
k2

where the mechanical admittance is given

by :
2
1
2 4D
Sx (n) 2 H(n)
Su (n)
2
k
U

H(n)

n

n1

4 2
n
1

this is relation between spectral density

of deflection and approach velocity

Dynamic response
Aerodynamic admittance:
Larger structures - velocity fluctuations approaching
windward face cannot be assumed to be uniform
then :
4D 2
SD (n) (n). 2 Su (n )
U
2

where 2(n) is the aerodynamic admittance

Dynamic response
Aerodynamic admittance:
Low frequency gusts well correlated

1.0

n
0.1

High frequency gusts poorly correlated

0.01
0.01

0.1

1.0

10

A
U

based on experiments :
n

1
2n A
1

Dynamic response
Aerodynamic admittance:

hence :

2
1
2 4D
2
Sx (n) 2 H(n)
.

(n).Su (n)
2
k
U

substituting D = k X :

4X 2
2
Sx (n) 2 H(n) . 2 (n).Su (n)
U

Dynamic response
Mean square deflection :
x

4X 2
2
Sx (n).dn 2 H(n) . 2 (n).Su (n).dn
U
0
0

4X 2 u

U2

where :

S (n)
B (n). u 2 .dn
u
0
2

independent of
frequency

Su (n)
4X 2 u
2
B R
H(n) . (n).
.dn
2
2
U
u
2

S (n )
2
R (n1 ). u 21 H(n) .dn
u 0
2

assumes X2(n) and Su(n) are constant at X2(n1) and

Su(n1), near the resonant peak

Dynamic response
Mean square deflection :

H(n) .dn

n1
4

n1Su (n1 )
R (n1 ).
2
4 u
2

(integration by method of poles)

Dynamic response
Gust response factor (G) :
Expected maximum response in defined time period /
mean response in same time period
X g
X
x

G 1 g x 1 2g u
X
X
U

BR

g = peak factor
g 2 log e ( T )

0.577
2 log e ( T )

= cycling rate (average frequency)

Dynamic response
Dynamic response factor (Cdyn):
This is a factor defined as follows :
Maximum response including correlation and resonant effects /
maximum response excluding correlation and resonant effects
B = 1 (reduction due to correlation ignored)
R = 0 (resonant effects ignored)

C dyn

1 2g

u
U

1 2g

BR
u
U

Used in codes and standards based on peak gust (e.g. ASCE-7)

Dynamic response
Gust effect factor (ASCE-7) :
For flexible and dynamically sensitive structures (Section 6.5.8.2)

1 1.7 I g 2 Q 2 g 2 R
z
Q
R

G f 0.925
1 1.7g v I z

This is a dynamic response factor not a gust response factor

0.925(instead of 1) is calibration factor
1.7 (instead of 2) to adjust for 3-second gust instead of true peak gust
Separate peak factors (gQ and gR) for background and resonant response :
gQ = gv= 3.4

g R 2 log e (3600n1 )

0.577
2 log e (3600n1 )

Dynamic response
Gust effect factor (ASCE-7) :
Resonant response factor (Equation 6-8) :

R
Previously :

1
R n R h R B (0.53 0.47R L )

n1Su (n1 )
R (n1 ).
2
4 u
2

is critical damping ratio ()

RhRB(0.53 + 0.47RL) is the aerodynamic admittance 2(n1)
decomposed into components for vertical separations (R h), lateral
separations (RB) and along-wind (windward/ leeward wall) (RL)

Dynamic response
Gust effect factor (ASCE-7) :
Rn should be :
In fact it is :

where :

n1Su (n1 )
2
4 u
2

2 n1Su (n1 )

.
2
4 u
1.7
n1Su (n1 )
6.9 N1

2
1 10.3N1 5 / 3
u

N1

n 1L z
Vz

S (n)

Note that : 6.9=(2/3)10.3 so

0 u u 2 dn 1
that
Note that Su(0) is equal to 6.9u2Lz/Vz
But Su(0) should = 4u2u / Uz (Lecture 7)

Hence Lz = (4/6.9) u = 0.58 u

Dynamic response
Along-wind response of structure with distributed mass :
The calculation of along-wind response with distributed masses (many
modes of vibration) is more complex (Section 5.3.6 in the book)
Based on modal analysis (Lecture 11) :
x(z,t) = j aj (t) j (z)

j (z) is mode shape in jth

mode

Use : generalized (modal) mass, stiffness, damping, applied force for each mode
Two approaches :
i) use modal analysis for background and resonant parts (inefficient needs many modes) - Section 5.3.6
ii) calculate background component separately; use modal analysis
only for resonant parts - Section 5.3.7
Easier to use (ii) in the context of effective static load distributions

End of Lecture 12
John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu