Engineering Materials

ME 322

Mechanical Properties
of Metals
Lecture 2
Engr. Muhammad Imran

Learning Goals.1 Mech Props

STRESS and STRAIN:
What they are and why they are they used
instead of LOAD and DEFORMATION

ELASTIC Behavior
How Much Deformation occurs when
Loads are SMALL?
Which Materials Deform Least

Learning Goals.2 Mech Props

PLASTIC Behavior
Determine the point at which dislocations
cause permanent deformation
Which materials are most resistant to
permanent deformation

TOUGHNESS and Ductility

What they are
How to Measure them

Materials Testing
In The USA the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) Sets
Many, Many Materials-Test Standards

Founded in 1898, ASTM International is a not-for-profit

organization that provides a global forum for the
development and publication of voluntary consensus
standards for materials, products, systems, and services.
Over 30,000 individuals from 100 nations are the
members of ASTM International, who are producers,
users, consumers, and representatives of government
and academia. In over 130 varied industry areas, ASTM
standards serve as the basis for manufacturing, procurement, and regulatory
activities. Formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials,
ASTM International provides standards that are accepted and used in research
and development, product testing, quality systems, and commercial transactions
around the globe.

ELASTIC Deformation
Apply/Remove a SMALL Force Load to a Specimen
1. Initial

3. Unload

2. SMALL load
bonds
stretch

return to
initial

F Force Load
(lb or N)
Deformation in
Response to the Load
(in or m)

Linear- ELASTIC
elastic means

REVERSIBLE

Non-Linearelastic

PLASTIC Deformation
Apply/Remove a LARGE Force Load to a Specimen
1. Initial

2. LARGE load
bonds
stretch
& planes
shear
elastic+plastic

PLASTIC
means
PERMANENT

3. Unload
Planes
Still
Sheared
plastic

linear
elastic

linear
elastic

plastic

Engineering Stress,
Normalize Applied-Force to Supporting Area
TENSILE Stress,
SHEAR Stress,
Ft
F
Ft
Area, A

Ft

Ao
original area
before loading

Fs

Area, A

Ft

Fs

Ao

Fs
F

Engineering Stress Units

N/m2 (Pa) or lb/in2 (psi)

Ft

Common States Of Stress

Simple tension: cable

A=
o cross sectional
Area (when unloaded)

Ao

Simple shear: drive shaft

Ac
M

Fs

Ao

Ski lift

Fs

Ao

(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)

2R
5

Common Stress States cont.1

Simple COMPRESSION:

Ao

Canyon Bridge, Los Alamos, NM

(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)

Balanced Rock, Arches

National Park

(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)

Ao

Note: These are

COMPRESSIVE
structural members
( < 0; i.e., a NEGATIVE
number)
6

Engineering Strain,

TENSILE Strain
Lo
L
LATERAL Strain L
wo

/2

wo
L /2

To Save Writing Exponents

-in/in
m/m

/2
L /2

SHEAR Strain = x/y = tan

Engineering STRAIN Units
NONE (Dimensionless)

Lo

x
90 -

y
90

Tensile Testing Cyl Specimen

Std Specimen

Tension Tester

Other Tests

3/4-10 Thd

Compression Test for

Brittle Materials
e.g.; Concrete GREAT in
Compression, Fractures in
Tension/Shear

Torsion (twist) Test

Drive Shafts, Torsion Bars
for Vehicle Suspension

Linear Elastic Deformation

Consider a Tension Test With SMALL
loads; Plotting vs. Find
E
The Data Plots as a

Line Through the

LinearOrigin
Thus

elastic

The Constant of Proportionality is the Slope, E

E is the Modulus of Elasticity, or

Youngs Modulus
Linear Elastic Materials are said to follow
Hookes (spring) Law

F
simple
tension
test

Linear Elastic Deformation

During a Pull-Test the Material
CONTRACTS Laterally,L, as it
Extends Longitudinally, . Plotting
L
This Data Also Plots
as a Line
Thus L
The Constant of
Proportionality is the Slope,

is Poissons Ratio as Defined by

F
simple
tension
test

Elastic (Hookes) Relations

Uniaxial Tension

Also Poissons Ratio

Pure Shear

All-Over
Compression
V
P K
VO

Isotropic Material
Modulus Relations

G E 21
K E 31 2

Steel Properties
E = 190-210 GPa
G = 75-80 GPa
K = 150-160 GPa
= 0.27-0.3

Elastic Properties of Metals

Metal
Aluminum
Brass, 30 Zn
Chromium
Copper
Iron (soft)
Iron (cast)
Lead
Magnesium
Molybdenum
Nickel (soft)
Nickel (hard)
Nickel-silver, 55CU-18Ni-27Zn
Niobium
Silver
Steel, mild
Steel, 0.75 C
Steel, 0.75 C, hardened
Steel, tool
Steel, tool, hardened
Steel, stainless, 2Ni-18Cr
Tantalum
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc

Young's Modulus Shear modulus, Bulk Modulus, Poisson's

E (Mpsi)
G (Mpsi)
K (Mpsi)
ratio,
10.2
14.6
40.5
18.8
30.7
22.1
2.3
6.5
47.1
28.9
31.8
19.2
15.2
12.0
30.7
30.5
29.2
30.7
29.5
31.2
26.9
7.2
17.4
59.6
18.5
15.2

3.8
5.4
16.7
7.0
11.8
8.7
0.8
2.5
18.2
11.0
12.2
5.0
5.4
4.4
11.9
11.8
11.3
11.9
11.4
12.2
10.0
2.7
6.6
23.3
6.8
6.1

10.9
16.2
23.2
20.0
24.6
15.9
6.6
5.2
37.9
25.7
27.2
19.1
24.7
15.0
24.5
24.5
23.9
24.0
24.0
24.1
28.5
8.4
15.7
45.1
22.9
10.1

0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.2

Youngs Moduli: Comparison

Metals
Alloys
1200
1000
800
600
400

E(GPa)

200
100
80
60
40

109 Pa

Graphite
Composites
Ceramics Polymers
/fibers
Semicond
Diamond

Tungsten
Molybdenum
Steel, Ni
Tantalum
Platinum
Cu alloys
Zinc, Ti
Silver, Gold
Aluminum
Magnesium,
Tin

Si carbide
Al oxide
Si nitride

Carbon fibers only

CFRE(|| fibers)*

<111>

Si crystal

Aramid fibers only

<100>

AFRE(|| fibers)*

Glass -soda

Glass fibers only

GFRE(|| fibers)*
Concrete
GFRE*

20
10
8
6
4
2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2

Eceramics > Emetals

>> Epolymers

CFRE*
GFRE( fibers)*

Graphite

Polyester
PET
PS
PC

CFRE( fibers) *
AFRE( fibers) *

Epoxy only

PP
HDPE
PTFE
LDPE

Wood(

grain)

Based on data in Table B2,

Callister 7e.
Composite data based on
reinforced epoxy with 60 vol%
of aligned
carbon (CFRE),
aramid (AFRE), or
glass (GFRE)
fibers.

Temperature Effects
Affect of Temperature on an Aluminum Alloy

In General for Increasing T

E
L at Fracture
at Fracture