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MATERIALS
ModelsSELECTION!
& Materials
characterization
properties
processing
method of preparing
material
performance
behavior in a
particular application
material characteristic
response to external
stimulus
mechanical, electrical,
thermal, magnetic,
optical, deteriorative
Classification of Materials
Metals
Polymers
good conductors of
electricity and heat
lustrous appearance
susceptible to
corrosion
strong, but
deformable
thermally and
electrically insulating
resistant to high
temperatures and
harsh environments
hard, but brittle
Semiconductors
Composites
implanted in human
body
compatible with
body tissues
electrical properties
between conductors
and insulators
electrical properties
can be precisely
controlled
hip replacement
July 24, 2007
Intel Pentium 4
Models & Materials
fiberglass surfboards
glass
plastic
Choice of Medium
medium: wood
Wood is a natural material that ties the
indoors to the outdoors when it is usedA
project is a creative 3 dimensional design
processYou don't need a huge shop
space or heavy duty metal working
machine tools.
George J. Haberer
July 24, 2007
medium: pastels
I love this rather dirty, dusty medium.
Most important factor is that I keep the
work behind my bedroom door and in the
trunk of my car. Where could I have put
all the canvases???
Jacqueline M. Haberer
structure
properties
processing
performance
Levels of Structure
structure
properties
processing
performance
< 0.2 nm
Metals
Metallic Bond
one, two, or three valence electrons
valence electrons free to drift through the
entire material forming a sea of electrons
surrounding net positive ionic cores
non-directional bond
sea of electrons
ionic
cores
Properties
good conductors of
electricity and heat
lustrous appearance
susceptible to
corrosion
strong, but
deformable
Ionic Bond
composed of metallic and non-metallic elements
metallic elements give up valence electrons to
non-metallic elements
all atoms have filled inert gas configuration
ionic solid
non-directional bond
+
+
+
+
Polymers
Covalent Bond
electrons are shared between adjacent
atoms, each contributing at least one
electron
shared electrons belong to both atoms
directional bond
shared electron
from hydrogen
shared electron
from carbon
methane (CH4)
Polymers
very large molecules
low density, light
weight materials
maybe extremely
flexible
Levels of Structure
structure
properties
processing
performance
< 0.2 nm
1 nm = ?
0.2-10 nm
hexagonal close-packed
Non-crystalline or amorphous:
atoms only have short-range, nearest neighbor order
viscous materials (generally complex formulas) or rapid
cooling
isotropic materials
Levels of Structure
structure
properties
processing
performance
< 0.2 nm
1 nm = ?
0.2-10 nm
1-1000 m
Microstructure
Single Crystal
Polycrystalline
Levels of Structure
structure
properties
processing
performance
< 0.2 nm
1 nm = ?
0.2-10 nm
1-1000 m
> 1 mm
Bulk Properties
Mechanical:
elastic modulus
shear modulus
hardness
Electrical:
conductivity
resistivity
capacitance
+
Optical:
reflectivity
absorbance
emission
Thermal:
thermal expansion
heat capacity
thermal conductivity
slow cooling
quenching
July 24, 2007
single-crystal
(transparent)
polycrystalline,
fully dense
(translucent)
polycrystalline,
5% porosity
(opaque)
Characterization Techniques
structure
characterization
properties
processing
performance
< 0.2 nm
1 nm = ?
0.2-10 nm
1-1000 m
> 1 mm
Optical Microscopy
light is used to study the microstructure
opaque materials use reflected light,
where as transparent materials can use
reflected or transmitted light
Electron Microscopy
X-ray Diffraction
x-rays are a form of light that has high
energy and short wavelength
when x-rays strike a material a portion of
them are scattered in all directions
if the atoms in the material is crystalline
or well-ordered constructive interference
can order
Intensity
Diffraction angle 2
Case Studies
Clay
aluminosilicate: combination of alumina
(Al2O3) and silica (SiO2) that bind water
melting temperature of alumina > silica
layered crystalline structure: kaolinite
(Al2Si2O5(OH)4)
water fits between layers
clay has three main ingredients:
(1) clay
(2) quartz (cheap filler material)
(3) flux (lowers melting temperature)
Forming:
hydroplastic
forming
slipcasting
Drying:
shrinkage
material becomes
brittle
water
O
Al
O
Si
O
Clay (cont.)
Firing:
firing temperature, 900-1400oC (1650-2550oF)
permanent physical and chemical changes
fuses or melts over large temperature range
desired shaped is retained
shrinkage due to removal of bound water
Sintering:
bonds start to form between particles
particles are fused into a very porous solid
melting has not yet occured
Vitrification:
flux lowers quartz melting temperature
quartz particles begin to melt and pull silica
out of clay matrix
silicates form increasing the viscosity of the
melt
remaining alumina rich clay particles have
higher melting temperature
final structure: alumina rich particles in
silicate glass matrix
Metal Alloy
Aluminum
35
Copper
69
Iron
130
Steel
180
Titanium
450
Summary
metal
ceramic
polymer
wood
structure
properties
processing
performance
July 24, 2007
pastels