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Negative Feedback
Amplifiers
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dA f / A f
S
dA / A
A
Af
1 A
We know that,
d (1 A)
dA
dA f A dA (1 A) dA A 1 A
1
So,
dA
(1 A) 2
(1 A) 2
(1 A) 2
dA f
Af
A
1
dA
1 A A(1 A)
A(1 A)
(1 A) 2 www.assignmentpoint.com
1
dA f / A
dA / A
1
1 A
1
1 A
dA f
dA
0.1
A
A
1 A A
(13 9)
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and the gain may be made to
depend entirely on the feedback network.
Frequency Distortion:
Nonlinear Distortion:
Suppose that a large amplitude signal is applied to a
stage of an amplifier so that the operation of the
device extends slightly beyond its range of linear
operation, and as a consequence the output signal is
slightly distorted.
Negative feedback now introduced, and the input
signal is increased by the same amount by which the
gain is reduced, so that the output signal amplitude
remains the same.
It is clear from Eq. (13.9) that the negative feedback
reduces the dependence of the overall closed-loop
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gain (Af) on the open-loop
gain (A) of the amplifier.
Lets
understand
through this example:
this
Reduction of Noise:
Negative feedback can be employed to reduce the
noise in an amplifier (i.e. to increase the signal-tonoise ratio, SNR).
The signal-to-noise (SNR) for the amplifier A1 is
S Vs
N Vn
Vs A1A2
Vn A1
Vo
1 A1A2 1 A1
A2
N 1 A1A2 1 A1A2 Vn
It is seen from above equation that the signal-to-noise
ration is increased by www.assignmentpoint.com
the use of negative feedback.
Ao
1 AH 1
1 Ao j / H
1 j / H
The upper cutoff frequency with negative feedback is the frequency at
which the real and imaginary parts of the denominator of above
H
equation are equal, thus
Hf
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1 Ao
L
Lf
1 Ao
It is revealed in the above equation that the lower cutoff frequency is
decreased by applying negative feedback.
From the above discussion it can be stated that negative feedback
increases the bandwidth of an amplifier.
Hf
H
1 Ao
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Input Resistance
If the feedback signal is returned to the input in series
with the applied voltage, it increases the input resistance.
Since the feedback voltage Vf oppose Vs, the input current
Ii is less than it would be if Vf were absent.
Hence the input resistance Rif=Vs/Ii is greater than the
input resistance without feedback Ri.
For this type of feedback topology Rif=Ri(1+A)=RiD.
If the feedback is returned to the input in shunt with the
applied current, it decreases the input resistance.
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Output Resistance
Negative feedback which samples the output voltage, regardless
of how this output signal is returned to the input, tends to
decrease the output resistance (Rof<<Ro).
Negative feedback which samples the output current, regardless
of how this output signal is returned to the input, tends to
increase the output resistance (Rof>>Ro).
The output resistance for the feedback amplifier can be defined
as the resistance with feedback Rof looking into the output
terminals with RL disconnected.
The output resistance is determined by applying a voltage V,
resulting in a current I, with Vs (Vs =0 where input source is
voltage) shorted out or www.assignmentpoint.com
Is (Is =0 where input source is current)
opened out. So, R =V/I.
Vs I i Ri V f I i Ri Vo
(13 11)
AvVi RL Av I i Ri RL
and Vo
AV I i Ri
(13 12)
Ro RL
Ro RL
Vo
Av RL
where, AV
(13 13)
Vi Ro RL
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(13 14)
Here, D 1 AV
Av RL
Av lim AV lim
RL www.assignmentpoint.com
RL Ro RL
(13 15)
(13 28)
obtained as follows:
Ro
Ro
Ro
V
Hence, Rof
(13 29)
I 1 Av
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Ro
RL
Rof RL
1 Av
RL
Ro
Rof RL
RL
1 Av
Ro RL
Ro RL /( Ro RL )
Ro RL Av RL 1 Av RL /( Ro RL )
'
R
R
/(
R
R
)
R
'
o L o
L
o
Rof
1 Av RL /( Ro RL ) 1 AV
(13 30)
Vs I i Ri V f I i Ri I o
(13 11.1)
GmVi Ro Gm I i Ri Ro
and, I o
GM I i Ri (13 12.1)
Ro RL
Ro RL
I
G R
where, GM o m o
(13 18)
Vi Ro RL
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(13 16)
Here, D 1 GM
Whereas Gm represents the short-circuit transconductance without
feedback, Eq. (13-18) indicates that GM is the transconductance
without feedback taking the load RL into account.
Therefore
G m Ro
G m lim G M lim
R L 0 www.assignmentpoint.com
R L 0 Ro R L
(13 17)
V
Gm I I
Ro
(13.38.1)
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Note that Ro is
multiplied by the
desensitivity factor
1+Gm,
which
contains
the
transconductance
Gm (not GM).
Ro (1 Gm ) R L
'
Rof
Ro (1 Gm ) R L
Ro R L (1 Gm )
'
Rof
Ro R L Gm Ro
Ro RL (1 Gm ) /( Ro RL )
'
Rof
1 Gm Ro /( Ro RL )
' R ' 1 Gm
Rof
o
1 GM
(13.38.2)
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(13 22)
I s I i (1 AI ) I i 1 AI
Ri
Ri
Rif
1 AI D
(13 23)
Here, D 1 AI
Whereas Ai represents the short-circuit current gain without feedback,
Eq. (13-23) indicates that AI is the current gain without feedback
taking the load RL into account.
Ai Ro
Therefore
Ai lim AI lim
(13 24)
RL 0www.assignmentpoint.com
RL 0 Ro RL
V
Rof Ro (1 Ai )
I
(13 35)
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Note that Ro is
multiplied by the
desensitivity factor
1+Ai,
which
contains the shortcircuit current gain
Ai (not AI).
Rof RL
RL
Rof RL
Ro R L (1 Ai )
'
Rof
Ro R L Ai Ro
' R ' 1 Ai
Rof
o
1 AI
Ro (1 Ai ) R L
'
Rof
Ro (1 Ai ) R L
' Ro RL (1 Ai ) /( Ro RL )
Rof
1 Ai Ro /( Ro RL )
(13 37)
Fig. 13-11.1 shows the topology of Fig. (d) in which the amplifier is
replaced by its Nortons input model and Thevenins output model.
From the Fig. 13-11.1 the input impedance with feedback is Rif=Vi/Is.
I s I i I f I i Vo (13.19.1)
Also
Rm I i RL
and Vo
RM I i
(13.20.1)
Ro RL
where,
Rm RL
RM
Ro RL
(13 26)
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Vi
Vi
Vi
1
Rif
I s I i (1 RM ) I i 1 RM
Ri
Ri
Rif
(13 25)
1 RM D
Here, D 1 RM
Whereas Rm represents the open-circuit transresistance without
feedback, Eq. (13-26) indicates that RM is the transresistance without
feedback taking the load RL into account.
Therefore
Rm
Rm RL
lim RM lim
RL www.assignmentpoint.com
RL Ro RL
(13 27)
V VRm
I
Ro
(13 32.1)
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Note that Ro is
divided
by
the
desensitivity factor
1+Rm,
which
contains
the
transresistance Rm
(not R ).
' R
Rof
of
'
Rof
Rof R L
RL
Rof R L
Ro RL
Ro RL Rm RL
'
R
'
o
Rof
1 RM
Ro
RL
1 Rm
'
Rof
Ro
RL
1 Rm
'
Rof
Ro R L /( Ro R L )
1 Rm R L /( Ro R L )
(13 32.2)
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2. Set Ii=0 for series comparison. In other words, open the input loop.