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o =
w
where o = density of the crude oil, lb/ft3
w = density of the water, lb/ft3
(4-1)
o
o =
, 600 / 600
62.4
Although the density and specific gravity are used
extensively in the petroleum industry, the API gravity is the
preferred gravity scale.
This gravity scale is precisely related to the specific gravity
by the following expression:
141.5
API =
-131.5
o
(4-2)
V = C + 2
For a pure substance (C = 1), if it is a one-phase
substance ( = 1), its behavior depends on two parameters:
the volume occupied by a given mass depends on the
pressure and the temperature (V = 2).
If it is a two phase substance ( = 2), the behavior
depends only on one parameter: the pressure is a function of
the temperature alone and not of the volumes of the two
phases (for a three phase substance, only one temperature
and one pressure are possible, V = 0).
Pure Substances
Pressure/Specific Volume Diagram (Clapeyron Diagram):
Starting with a pressure and temperature such that the
pure substance is in the liquid state (point A), if the volume
available to the substance is increased very slowly (at
constant temperature), the following is observed in
succession:
Fig. 3.1
BM
Massofvapor
=
BR Massofpuresubs tan ce
The series of points corresponding to the same distribution
form an equal concentration curve, which terminates in the
critical points.
Fig. 3.2
Mixtures
Mixtures consist of several types of molecules.
Pressure/Specific Volume Diagram (Fig. 3.3)
T1 < TC < T2 < TCC
As above, let us start with a pressure and a
temperature T1 (point A) such that the mixture is in the
liquid state, and let us slowly increase the volume available
to it. The following can be observed:
Fig. 3.3
Fig. 3.4
Fig. 3.5
Bo
Fig. 1 e. Producing gas oil ratio as a function of the average reservoir pressure for
a typical solution gas drive reservoir.
The producing gas oil ratio can be split into two components
as shown in the fig. 1d, i.e.
R = Rs + ( R Rs)
The first of these, Rs scf/stb, when taken down to the
reservoir with the one stb of oil, will dissolve in the oil at
the prevailing reservoir pressure to give B0 rb of oil plus
dissolved gas.
The reminder, (R Rs) scf/stb, when taken down to the
reservoir will occupy a volume
scf
rb
(R - R s )( ) Bg ( ) = (R - R s )Bg
stb
scf
(2.1)
(rb-free gas/stb)
Fig. 1f. PVT parameters (Bo, Rs, and Bg) as functions of pressure,
for the analysis presented in table 2.4; (pb = 3330 psia).
Measured
Shrinkage
scf
scf
stb
R sep [
] = R[
] S[
]
sep.bbl
stb
sep.bbl
Table 2.2
Results of isothermal differential liberation at 2000F
relative vol.
Column 4 is simply cumulative amount of gas liberated
below the bubble point and is denoted by F = Vg.
Dividing values in column 3 by those in column 2 (Vg/vg)
gives the gas expansion factor E.
Knowing E, the Z-factor of the liberated gas can be
determined by explicitly solving eq. (1.25) for Z as
p Tsc 1
p
Z=
= 35.37
p sc T E
ET
(R
si f
scf
stb
scf
1 rb b
- Rs
=F
5.615
stb
rb b
stb c b f stb
rb
rb
1 stb
1
Bg
=
and
R sd = R sid
5.616F
scf
C bd stb - residual
(2.9)
( MaximumvalueofF)
scf
=
5.615
C bd
stb - residual
74.9557 5.615
=
= 540scf / stb - residualoil
0.7794
(2.10)
v0
v 0 C bd
B0 bf
B0 =
=
= B0 d
C bf C bd C bf
B0 bd
(2.11)
where
v0/Cbd = B0d the differential oil formation vol. factor
measured relative to the residual oil vol. as listed in
table 2.5 (rb/stb-residual)
B0bf = 1/Cbf is the oil formation vol. factor of the bubble
point oil (rb/stb) determined by flashing the oil
through
the appropriate surface separators and is
measured
relative to the stock tank oil vol. (refer
tables 2.3 and
2.4); and
5.615 F
5.615 F C bd
= R sif [
]
C bf
C bd
C bf
R s = R sif
B0 bf
- (R sid - R sd ) [
]
B0 bd
(2.12)
where
Rsif = solution gas oil ratio of the bubble point oil,
determined by flashing the oil through the appropriate
surface separators, and is measured
relative to the oil
vol. at 60 0F and 14.7 psia (refer
tables 2.3 & 2.4)
(scf/stb).
Rsid = solution gas oil ratio of the bubble point oil
determined during the differential experiment and
measured relative to the residual oil vol. at 60 0F and
14.7 psia (refer table 2.5 and eq. (2.10) (scf/stbresidual)
while from the separator flash tests (table 2.3), for the
optimum separator conditions of 150 psia and 80 0F
B0bf = (1/Cbf) = 1.2511 (rb/stb)
Rsif = 510 (scf/stb)
Therefore, using eq. (2.11)
1.2511
B0 = 1.2123
= 1.1822rb / stb
1.2830
And eq. (2.12)
1.2511
R s = 510 - (540 - 378)
= 352scf / stb
1.2830
Defining the fluid contacts, that is, GOC and wateroil contact (WOC), are extremely important when
determining the hydrocarbon initially in place and planning
field development.
The uncertainty in the location of the fluid contacts can
have a significant impact on the reserves estimate.
Contacts can be determined by
1. Electrical logs, such as resistivity tools.
2. Pressure measurements, such as a repeat formation tester
(RFT) or a modular formation dynamic tester MDT).
3. Possibly by interpreting seismic data.
Fig. 1-37 Variation of well bore and stock tank density with depth.
(4-3)
where
n = number of separators
Rsep = separator gas/oil ratio, scf/STB
sep = separator gas gravity
Rst = gas/oil ratio from the stock tank, scf/STB
st = gas gravity from the stock tank
Crude Oil Density
The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a unit
volume of the crude at a specified pressure & temperature,
mass/volume. The density usually is expressed in pounds
per cubic foot & it varies from 30 lb/ft3 for light volatile oil
to 60 lb/ft3 for heavy crude oil with little or no gas
solubility.