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Balancing equations
An important principle in chemical reactions is that matter
cannot be created or destroyed. It is important that symbol
equations are balanced.
A balanced equation has the same number of each type of
atom on each side of the equation.
Unbalanced:
Na
Cl2
1 sodium 2 chlorine
Balanced:
2Na
Cl2
2 sodium 2 chlorine
NaCl
1 sodium 1 chlorine
2NaCl
2 sodium 2 chlorine
This shows that two moles of sodium react with one mole
of chlorine to make two moles of sodium chloride.
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Balanced:
Ca2+
Cl-
CaCl2
2 calcium 1 chloride
+1 charge
2 calcium 2 chloride
no charge
Ca2+
2Cl-
2 calcium 2 chloride
no charge
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CaCl2
2 calcium 2 chloride
no charge
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State symbols
State symbols are letters that are added to a formula to
indicate what state each reactant and product is in.
The four state symbols are:
s
solid
liquid
gas
aq
aqueous
O2(g)
2H2O(g)
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Reacting masses
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What is concentration?
The concentration of a solution is a measure of how much
solute is dissolved per unit of solvent.
concentration = amount of solute / volume of solvent
cm3
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Concentration calculations
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Standard solutions
A standard solution is a solution of known concentration.
Standard solutions are made by
dissolving an accurately weighed mass
of solid in a known volume of solvent
using a volumetric flask.
The volumetric flask has a thin neck,
which is marked with a line so it can be
filled accurately to the correct capacity.
The standard solution can then be used to find the
concentration of a second solution with which it reacts.
This is known as volumetric analysis or titration.
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What is a titration?
A titration is a procedure used to identify the concentration
of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known
concentration and measuring the volume required for a
complete reaction.
The number of moles in the standard
solution is calculated. Using a
balanced equation for the reaction,
the number of moles in the solution
of unknown concentration can also
be calculated.
Once the number of moles for the
solution is known, the concentration
can be easily calculated.
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Titration calculations
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Calculating yield
The percentage yield of a reaction can be calculated using
the following equation:
percentage yield = (actual yield 100) / theoretical yield
Example: What is the percentage yield of a reaction
where the theoretical yield was 75 kg but the actual
yield was 68 kg?
percentage yield = (actual yield 100) / theoretical yield
= (68 100) / 75
= 90.7%
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Glossary
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Multiple-choice quiz
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