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Thermochemistry

Lesson # 2:
Enthalpy Calculations

Calorimetry Calculation Rules


Any thermal energy transferred from the calorimeter
into the outside environment is negligible.
Any thermal energy absorbed by the calorimeter is
negligible.
All dilute aqueous solutions have the same density
(1.00 g/mL) and specific heat capacity (4.18 J/gC) as
water.
In a calorimeter, the solute is considered the system,
and the solvent is the surroundings.
qsystem = -qsurroundings

Example 1
A student places 80.0 mL of liquid water at 21.00C into a
coffee-cup calorimeter. She places a sample of gold at
100.00C in the calorimeter. The final temperature of the
water is 21.33C. Calculate the quantity of thermal energy, q,
absorbed by the water in the calorimeter.

Example 2
Calculate the specific heat capacity of the sample of gold in the
question above, if its mass is 6.77 g. Assume that the final
temperature of the gold sample the same as the final
temperature of the water in the calorimeter.

Example 3
A 50.0 mL sample of an aqueous solution of HCl was mixed
with 50.0 mL of an aqueous solution of NaOH at 25.0C in a
calorimeter. After the solutions were mixed by stirring, the
temperature was 31.9C. Determine the quantity of thermal
energy transferred by the reaction to the water and state
whether the reaction was endothermic or exothermic.

Enthalpy & Reactions


Remember that heat (q) is a type of energy, and
enthalpy is the change in heat energy (H).
Hsystem = qsurroundings
For a chemical reaction, H = Hproducts Hreactants
When H > 0, the reaction is endothermic.
When H < 0, the reaction is exothermic.

Molar Enthalpy
Typically enthalpy is more commonly known as
molar enthalpy the energy change for one mole of
a substance. Looking up H values will be based on
one mole.
H = nHx (where x = type of change combustion,
vaporization, etc.)

Example 4
If a 1.00 g sample of ethanol is spread across the skin and
evaporated, what is the expected enthalpy change? The
molar enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol is 38.6 kJ/mol.

Example 5
A student places 125 g of water at 24.2C into a calorimeter and
then adds 10.5 g of solid potassium bromide, also at 24.2C.
He stirs the liquid until it dissolves and determines the
temperature has changed to 21.1C. Calculate the molar
enthalpy change for this dissolution reaction, Hsol.

Example 6
A 50.00 mL volume of 0.300 mol/L CuSO4 (aq) is mixed with
50.00 mL of NaOH (aq) solution that contains an excess of
NaOH. The initial temperature of both solutions is 21.40C.
After mixing the two solutions in a simple calorimeter, the
highest temperature reached is 24.60C. Determine the
enthalpy change for the reaction:
CuSO4 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2 Na2SO4 (aq)

Representing Molar Enthalpy


Changes
Example: H2O (l) + 285.8 kJ H2 (g) + O2 (g)
This reaction would be
heat needs to be taken from the
surroundings for this reaction to occur
You would see a
in temperature of the surroundings
H =
Example: Mg (s) + O2 (g) MgO (s) + 601.6 kJ
This reaction would be
heat is released when the
reaction occurs from the system to the surroundings
You would see a
in temperature of the surroundings
H =

Potential Energy Diagrams

Example 7
The combustion of methane is an exothermic reaction.
When 1 mol of methane burns, 802.3 kJ of energy is
released.
a) Write the thermochemical equation both by representing the
energy change as a H value, and by representing the energy
change as an energy term in the equation.
b) Draw the potential energy diagram for this reaction.

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