Wind Energy

Wind Turbines
Wind Power in Turkey

Emre Erdem..

Wind
Energy
Why the Wind Blows
History of Wind Energy
Wind Turbines
Main components of a Wind Turbine
Wind Turbine Design
Power Generated by Wind Turbine
Theoretical Maximum Performance

Why the Wind Blows

The Earth is Rotating -Coriolis Effect
Spatial Temperature Differences

History of Wind Energy

An Age-Old Energy Source

Early Days
Cretan windmill (1464

AD mechanical water
pumping)
Dutch windmill (1500

mechanical water
pumping, grain
milling)
U.S. farm windmill

(1854 present
mechanical water
pumping)

Early Days
Smith-Putnam Turbine
Grandpa Knob,

Castleton, VT
175-foot rotor, 1.25MW capacity
Operated from late
1941 to spring of
1945
Economic failure
technological
triumph
Foundation footings
still in place

Early Wind Farm Era

First Wind Farm Crotched Mountain, NH,

December 1980 (equipment failures, wind speed

overestimated)
California Wind Farms Altamont, Tehachapi, San
Gorgonio passes, December 1981
Wind begins explosive growth, ended abruptly
with sunset of EITC in December 1985

Wind Turbines:
Power for a House or City

Basic Supply Chain

Raw
Materials
Suppliers

Component
Suppliers

Major
Component
Suppliers

Turbine
Manufacturers

Turbine Manufacturers create a ripple effect down the

supply chain, creating even more jobs indirectly than at
their facilities.

Fundamentals of Wind
Power
Turbine subsystems include:
A rotor, or blades, which
convert the wind's energy
into rotational shaft energy
A nacelle (enclosure)
containing a drive train,
usually including a gearbox
and a generator
A tower, to support the
rotor and drive train; and
electronic equipment such
as controls, electrical cables,
ground support equipment,
and interconnection
equipment.

Rotor
Nacelle

Tower

Inside a Nacelle

Main components of a Wind Turbine

Rotor

Rotor
The portion of the wind turbine that collects energy from the wind is
called the rotor. The rotor usually consists of two or more wooden,
fiberglass or metal blades which rotate about an axis (horizontal or
vertical) at a rate determined by the wind speed and the shape of
the blades. The blades are attached to the hub, which in turn is

Wind Turbine Design

Design Objectives
This article focuses solely on the design of
modern wind turbines to produce electricity at desired
outputs. Thus the design objective is to produce a
machine that will extract as much power and energy
out of the wind stream as possible, minimize
degradation and wear, utilize that energy to rotate a
generator and produce electrical power that can be
either tied to the electrical grid or used in an off grid
application. This should all be accomplished while
making sure that the turbine is cost-competitive with
conventional forms of energy production.

How Big is a 2-MW Wind Turbine?

80

This picture shows

a Vestas 80-meter
diameter, 2-MW
wind turbine
superimposed on a
Boeing 747 jumbo
jet

59.6

80 m.
59.6 m.

Small Wind Systems

Range from 0.3 to

100 kW

Installed in on-

and off-grid
applications

Require 4 m/s (9

mph) average
wind sites

Large Wind Systems

Range in size

from 660 kW to
3.6 MW

Provide

wholesale bulk
power

Require average

wind speeds of 6
m/s (13 mph)

One megawatt of

wind generates
about as much

Power Generated by Wind Turbine

Power = ()(A)(V)3

= Density of air = 1.2 kg/m3 (.0745 lb/ft3), at sea level, 20 oC and dry ai
A = swept area = (radius)2, m2
V = Wind Velocity, m/sec.
A

= 1.16 kg/m3,

at 1000 feet elevation

= 1.00 kg/m3,

at 5000 feet elevation

= 1.203 kg/m3 at San Jose, at 85 feet elevation. The average

wind velocity is 5 mph at 50m tower height
= 1.16 kg/m3 at Altamont pass, at 1010 feet elevation and average
wind velocity of 7m/s at 50m tower height (turbines need a minimum of
14mph, 6.25 m/s, wind velocity to generate power).

Power in the Wind

On a very fundamental level, wind is simply air

particles moving from an area of high pressure to an

area of low pressure. As such, when thinking about
energy in the wind we can simply be resolved to
thinking about the kinetic energy of these moving
particles. This can be quantified as follows:

Where: m = mass, v = wind speed

And to convert this expression for energy into one

for power, the mass term is simply replaced with the
mass flow rate "M" which is found by the density of
the air stream (p) multiplied by the Volumetric flow
rate through the region being analyzed (Q):

Power in the Wind

Finally this can be simplified once more by realizing that for a wind

turbine, the region being analyzed is the circular swept area of the
blades and so Q can broken into the air stream velocity (v) multiplied
by the swept area of the rotor (A). Since the velocity term already
appears in the equation these terms can be combined to yield:

This is the final equation that is used to represent the TOTAL

power contained in an air stream moving through a certain area.
From this there are two very important revelations that can be made:

1. Power is related to the cube of the wind velocity. Thus even small

increases in wind velocity result in very significant increases in power.

2. Power is related to the square of the rotor radius. This means that
even modest increases in blade length and rotor diameter can make
significantly more power available to the turbine - which is precisely
why turbines are growing larger and larger in size.

Theoretical Maximum
Performance
The power equation above represents the total power in a given air

stream passing through a certain area. However, not all of this

power can be extracted by a turbine. If a device removed 100% of
the kinetic energy from the air then the velocity of the wind
downstream from the turbine would equal zero and there would be
no airflow. As such, there is a theoretical maximum amount of power
that can be extracted which is known as theBetz Limit. This
maximum is 59.3% of the incoming power and is derived from fluid
mechanics momentum theory.

All wind turbines operate at a certain level of performance for a

given wind speed known as their "Coefficient of Performance" or Cp.
This value is the ratio of the amount of power they are extracting
from the wind to the amount of total power in the wind. And thus
the maximum Cp theoretically possible is 0.593. It is important to
note that this Cp value will vary depending on the wind speed for
any given turbine as is described below in the Power Curves section.

Rotor Configuration
The most popular modern turbine design is an upwind three bladed

machine. This configuration serves to stabilize thrust loads on the rotor,

provide a desirable solidity value, and keep noise levels in check. The
number of blades and their size contributes to the solidity of a wind turbine
which is the ratio of actual rotor area to the total swept area of the turning
blades. A turbine with low solidity, e.g. a modern three blade turbine, has
high speeds and low torques, which makes it perfect for electricity
generation. A turbine with high solidity, e.g. an American Windmill, has low
speeds and high torques, which makes it perfect for doing work such as
pumping water. Here is a list of benefits and drawbacks for one, two, and
three blade turbines:

One Blade
Faster TSR (more noise, etc)
etc)

Two Blades
Fast TSR (noise issues, etc)

Three Blades
Slower TSR (less noise,

Captures 10% less energy than 2-blade Captures 5% less energy than 3-blade Balances gyroscopic
forces
Gearbox ratio reduced

Gearbox ratio reduced

Not lighter, but easier to install

Gyroscopic imbalance

Ultimately provide no cost savings

design

Ultimately provide no cost savings

Gearbox costs go up
Cost effective

Turbine Aerodynamics
In order to do this, the Tip

Speed Ratio (TSR) is often

mentioned and is of great
importance. This is the ratio of the
linear velocity of the blade tip to
the wind speed and it is critical to
maximizing Cp especially while
operating in Region II of the power
curve. Adjusting the TSR by
changing the blade shape and
blade pitch is of critical design
importance to maximizing the
power extracted from the wind.

Where: omega = rotational speed

of the turbine rotor

Lift and Drag

Finally, it should be noted

that wind turbineblades are

actually designed as air foils
just like the wingsof an airplane
and they spin through the air not so much because
they are being pushed on by the wind, but because
of lift that is generated as the wind passes over
them. It is this lift force that actually draws the
blades through the air; maximizing the lift and
minimizing the drag on turbine blades is one very
critical design component to creating an efficient
rotor. In addition, the rotation of the blades
perpendicular to the velocity of the wind makes this
design process that much more difficult.

Safety and Health Initiatives

Education and Understanding the

Intricacies of Development and the

Sustainability of Wind Generation Plants

Safety and Health Initiatives

Empowering Workers to be

Engaged and Take

Ownership in Worker
Safety and Health
Programs

Safety and Health Initiatives

Collect and Monitor Injury,

Illness, and Fatality Data

Leading Indicators
Injuries, Illness, and Fatalities
What are the Causes
Where are the Accidents
Identify the High Hazard Areas
Develop Solutions to Eliminate

or Significantly Reduce Hazards

Wind Energy Hazards

Falls
Confined Spaces
Lockout/Tagout
Crane, Derrick
and
Hoist Safety
Environmental
Conditions
Electrical
Machine
Guarding
Other Typical
Workplace
Hazards

Wind Energy Hazards

Fire Hazards
Medical and First

Aid

Sanding &
Grinding

TURKEY WIND ATLAS

Turkey Electric Energy

Production

Graph 1 - Distribution of Turkeys Established Electric Power

Production According to Sources (2008)

The Map of Turkey Electric ProductionTransmission Electrification

Turkish Wind Map

Potential Amounts of Energy Related to

Turkish Wind Map

Class

Area (Km2)

Potential
Energy (MW)

5 038

1 662

168 759

41 656

370 767

44 659

Overall

87 977

The Distribution of Average Wind Speed in 50 m.

of Elevation Above Ground

Development of Wind Energy Power Stations in Turkey

Years

19
98

19
99

20
00

20
01

20
02

20
03

20
04

20
05

20
06

200 200
7
8

Establish
ed
Power

8,7

8,7

18,
9

18,
9

18,
9

20,
1

20,
1

20,
1

51

146, 363, 803

3
7

Change in Time of Turkish Wind Energy Established

Power (in terms of MW)

20
09

Distribution of Wind Energy Power Stations in

Turkey According to the Regions

Distribution of Wind Energy Power Plants in

Turkey According to Provinces

Distribution of Wind Energy Power Stations in

Turkey

Power Curves & Operating

Characteristics
All turbines will have a published power curve that effectively maps out

how they will perform over a range of wind speeds. This curve is the
power generated by the machine plotted against wind speed.
There are three regions to any power curve:
Region I- This is the range of low wind speeds during which time the

turbine will not be running. There is simply not enough energy in the
wind to spin the rotor and no electricity will be produced.
Region II- This is the intermediate range of wind speeds during which
time the turbine Cp will vary depending on the wind speed. It begins
with the cut-in wind speed and ends at the turbine's rated wind speed.
Region III- This is the range of wind speeds that the turbine will be
operating at it's rated power. This region of the curve will be flat and
extend to the cut-out wind speed at which time the turbine will be shut
down and "parked" so that it is not damaged by high winds. This is the
region that a wind farm operator would like to be able to have the
turbines running at most of the time.

 As mentioned above, a turbine will be producing the most amount

of electricity when running at it's rated power in Region III. One

interesting feature of this region is that in order to maintain a constant
power output as the wind speed increases, the turbine is actually
shedding some of the power that it could potentially capture and the
Cp value will decrease until the wind reaches the cut-out speed. This is
done in order to shed structural loads on the blades and tower and
reduce the risk of damage which could be costly and any time the
turbine is down for repair is time when it is not producing useful power.

Thanks For Listening..