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Pure Substances
Objectives
Introduce the concept of a pure substance.
Pure Substance
In Chemistry you defined a pure substance as an
element or a compound
Something that can not be separated
In Thermodynamics well define it as something
that has a fixed chemical composition
throughout
arrangement.
This molecular arrangement is homogeneous
throughout the system.
The phase separated from the other phases by easily
identifiable boundary surfaces.
Liquid Water
Piston cylinder
device
maintains
constant
pressure
T
5
2
1
v
Phase Change
Processes on a
T-v diagram
A substance between
saturated liquid (state 2) and
saturated vapor (state 4) is
called saturated liquid-vapor
mixture.
Critical Point
The critical point is defined as the
keep T constant.
Water boils at Psat
The pressure at which a
contracts on freezing
P v diagram of substance that
expands on freezing (such as
water)
Triple point
Under some conditions all three
Property Diagrams
P-T diagram
P-v-T surfaces
Top view
Tem
w
e
i
v
t ur
a
r
pe
P
P
Tv
ie w
Thermodynamics Tables
The relationship among thermodynamic properties are too complex to be
H U PV
h u p
v fg v g v f
h fg hg h f
Enthalpy of vaporization or
latent heat
the amount of energy needed
to vaporize a unite mass of
saturated liquid at a given
temperature or pressure
Example 2-1:
Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
A rigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at 90 oC. Determine the
pressure in the tank and the volume of the tank. (Table A-4)
Example 2-2:
Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
A piston-cylinder device contains 2 ft3 of saturated water vapor at 50-psia pressure. Determine the temperature
of the vapor and the mass of the vapor inside the cylinder. (Table A-5E)
Example 2-3:
Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor
A mass of 200 g of saturated liquid water is completely vaporized at a
constant pressure of 100 kPa. Determine (a) the volume change and (b) the
amount of energy added to the water.
m
m
x
m m m
g
Derivation:
V V f Vg
mv m f v f mg v g
( m m g )v f m g v g
v (1 x)v f xvg
v v f x (v g v f )
v v f xv fg
where v fg v g v f
total
Average Properties
In the saturated mixture region, the average value of any intensive property
y is given as:
y y f x( yg y f )
y f x y fg
where f stands for saturated liquid and g for saturated vapor. For example:
Average Properties
In the saturated mixture region, the average value of any intensive property y is
given as:
y y f x( yg y f )
yf x y
01
fg
= yg
where f stands for saturated liquid and g for saturated vapor. For example:
When x = 0 we have all liquid, and y = yf
When x = 1 we have all gas, and y = yf + yfg = yg
The average properties of the mixtures are always between the values of the
saturated liquid and the saturated vapor properties. That is
y f yavg y g
X=0
X=1
Example 2- 4:
Saturated Liquid-vapor mixture (continued)
A rigid tank contains 10 kg of water at 90 oC. If 8 kg of water is in the
liquid form and the rest is in the vapor form, determine (a) the pressure in
the tank and (b) the volume of the tank.
Example 2-5:
Saturated Liquid-vapor mixture (continued)
An 80-L vessel contains 4 kg of refrigerant 134a at a pressure of 160 kPa.
Superheated Vapor
T Tsat at given P
P Psat at given T
v v g at given P or T
u u g at given P or T
h h g at given P or T
superheated vapor
compressed liquid.
Compressed Liquid
T Tsat at given P
P Psat at given T
v v f at given P or T
u u f at given P or T
h h f at given P or T
compressed liquid
A general approximation
yy
f @T
Linear Interpolation
A
100
130
200
10
130 100 y 5
200 100 10 5
T
140
143
145
y y1
Psat
y1= 0.3615
y=?
y2= 0.4154
x x1
( y2 y1 )
x2 143
x1 140
Psat 0.3615
Psat 0.394
y y1
x x1
y 2 y1 x 2 x1
145 140
kPa
( 0.4154 0.3615)
Example 2-7
Superheated Vapor
Determine the temperature of water at a state of P = 0.5 MPa and h = 2890
kJ/kg.
5M
263.99
80
80
pa