Basic factors needing

considering in Networking (data

Comm)
• The cost
• Clarity
• Time response
• The message should reach safe secured
• Should deliver to right person
 Ancient methods
• Horse rider
• Pigeons
• Drum bitter
Data communication
 Data communication
Components
• Sender
• Message
• Transmission Medium
• Receiver
• Protocols
 Data types
• Text
• Number
• Image
• Audio
• vedio
 Data flow
• Simplex
• Half duplex
• Full duplex
 Computer network
• an interconnection of a
group of computers
• A network is basically all of
the components (hardware
and software) involved in
connecting computers
across small and large
distances. Networks are
used to provide easy
access to information, thus
increasing productivity for
users.
Computer Network classification
• By scale
• By network topology
• By connection method
• By functional relationship (Network
Architectures)
• By protocol
 By Scale
• Personal area network (PAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Campus Area Network (CAN)
• Metropolitan area network (MAN)
• Wide area network (WAN)
• Global Area Network (GAN)
 Personal Area Network (PAN)
• A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network
used for communication among computer devices close to
one person.
• Some examples of devices that may be used in a PAN are
printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs or scanners.
• The reach of a PAN is typically within about 20-30 feet
(approximately 4-6 Meters).
• PANs can be used for communication among the individual
devices (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to
a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink).
• Personal area networks may be wired with computer buses
such as USB.
• A wireless personal area network (WPAN) can also be
made possible with network technologies such as IrDA and
Bluetooth.
 Advantages of a Networked Office
Using Microsoft Windows 95/98/ME/2000/XP

• Software
• Printers
• Internet
 Local Area Network (LAN)
• A network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office,
or building.
• much higher data transfer rates, smaller geographic range, and
lack of a need for leased telecommunication lines.
• Current LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet
technology. For example, a library will have a wired or wireless
LAN for users to interconnect local devices (e.g., printers and
servers) connect to the internet. All of the PCs in the library are
connected by category 5 (Cat5) cable, running the IEEE 802.3
protocol through a system of interconnection devices and
eventually connect to the internet.
• The cables to the servers are on Cat 5e enhanced cable, which
will support IEEE 802.3 at 1 Gbps.
• All user computers can get to the Internet and the card catalog.
• Each workgroup can get to its local printer. Note that the
printers are not accessible from outside their workgroup.
 Advantages of a Networked Office
Using Microsoft Windows 2003
• Domain Controller
1. Authentication
2. Logging
3. Security
• Centralizations
1. Dedicated File
Server
2. Redundancy
3. Disaster
Recovery
4. Virus Scanning
 Campus Area Network (CAN)
• A network that connects two or more
LANs but that is limited to a specific and
contiguous geographical area such as a
college campus, industrial complex, or a
military base.
• A CAN, may be considered a type of MAN
(metropolitan area network), but is
generally limited to an area that is smaller
than a typical MAN.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than is a LAN, ranging
from several blocks of buildings to entire cities.
• MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high
data rates.
• A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it
usually will be used by many individuals and organizations.
• MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities.
• They will often provide means for internetworking of local networks.
• Metropolitan area networks can span up to 50km, devices used are modem
and wire/cable.
• A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that connects two or more Local
Area Networks or Campus Area Networks together but does not extend
beyond the boundaries of the immediate town, city, or metropolitan area.
Multiple routers, switches & hubs are connected to create a MAN.
• Some technologies used for this purpose are ATM, FDDI.
• MAN links between LANs have been built without cables using either microwave, radio, or
infra-red laser links.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
• A WAN is a data communications network that
covers a relatively broad geographic area (i.e.
one city to another and one country to another
country) and that often uses transmission
facilities provided by common carriers, such as
telephone companies.
• WAN technologies generally function at the
lower three layers of the OSI reference model:
the physical layer, the data link layer, and the
network layer.
 Global Area Network (GAN)

• Global area networks (GAN) specifications are in

development by several groups, and there is no
common definition.
• In general, however, a GAN is a model for
supporting mobile communications across an
arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite
coverage areas, etc.
• The key challenge in mobile communications is
"handing off" the user communications from one
local coverage area to the next
 Internetwork
• Two or more networks or network
segments connected using devices that
operate at layer 3 (the 'network' layer) of
the OSI Basic Reference Model, such as a
router. Any interconnection among or
between public, private, commercial,
industrial, or governmental networks may
also be defined as an internetwork.
three variants of internetwork
• Intranet
• Extranet
• "The" Internet
 Intranet
• An intranet is a set of interconnected
networks, using the Internet Protocol and
uses IP-based tools such as web
browsers, that is under the control of a
single administrative entity. That
administrative entity closes the intranet to
the rest of the world, and allows only
specific users. Most commonly, an intranet
is the internal network of a company or
other enterprise.
 extranet
• An extranet is a network or internetwork that is
limited in scope to a single organization or entity
but which also has limited connections to the
networks of one or more other usually, but not
necessarily, trusted organizations or entities (e.g.
a company's customers may be given access to
some part of its intranet creating in this way an
extranet, while at the same time the customers
may not be considered 'trusted' from a security
standpoint). Technically, an extranet may also be
categorized as a CAN, MAN, WAN, or other type
of network, although, by definition, an extranet
cannot consist of a single LAN; it must have at
least one connection with an external network.
 Internetwork
• connecting two or more distinct
computer networks or network
segments together to form an
internetwork
 Topology based network types
• Bus network
• Star network
• Ring network
• Mesh network
• Star-bus network
• Tree or Hierarchical topology network,
etc.
 Bus Topology
• Linear Bus - The type of
network topology in which
all of the nodes of the
network are connected to
a common transmission
medium which has
exactly two endpoints.

• Distributed bus - The

type of network topology
in which all of the nodes
of the network are
connected to a common
transmission medium
which has more than two
endpoints
 Bus topology con….
Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology
• Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
• Requires less cable length than a star topology.
Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology
• Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main
cable.
• Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.
• Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts
down.
• Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large
building.
• Security
 star topology
• A star topology is designed with
each node (file server, workstations,
and peripherals) connected directly
to a central network hub or
concentrator
• All data that is transmitted between
nodes in the network is transmitted
to this central node, which is usually
some type of device that then
retransmits the data to some or all
of the other nodes in the network,
although the central node may also
be a simple common connection
point without any active device to
repeat the signals.
 Star topology …
Extended star - A type of network topology in which a
network that is based upon the physical star topology
has one or more repeaters between the central node
(the 'hub' of the star) and the peripheral or 'spoke' nodes,
the repeaters being used to extend the maximum
transmission distance of the point-to-point links between
the central node and the peripheral nodes beyond that
which is supported by the transmitter power of the
central node or beyond that which is supported by the
standard upon which the physical layer of the physical
star network is based.
 Star topology…
Distributed Star -A type of network
topology that is composed of individual
networks that are based upon the physical
star topology connected together in a
linear fashion (e.g., two or more 'stacked'
hubs, along with their associated star
connected nodes )
 Star topology…
Advantages of a Star Topology
• Easy to install and wire.
• No disruptions to the network then connecting or
removing devices.
• Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
Disadvantages of a Star Topology
• Requires more cable length than a linear topology.
• If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are
disabled.
• More expensive than linear bus topologies
because of the cost of the concentrators.
 Ring topology
• The type of network topology in which each
of the nodes of the network is connected to
two other nodes in the network and with the
first and last nodes being connected to
each other, forming a ring – all data that is
transmitted between nodes in the network
travels from one node to the next node in a
circular manner and the data generally
flows in a single direction only.
• Each packet is sent around the ring until it
reaches its final destination. Today, the ring
topology is seldom used.
 Ring topology …..
Advantages
• Very orderly network where every device has access to the token
and the opportunity to transmit
• Performs better than a star topology under heavy network load
• Can create much larger network using Token Ring
• Does not require network server to manage the connectivity
between the computers

Disadvantages
• One malfunctioning workstation or bad port in the MAU can create
problems for the entire network
• Moves, adds and changes of devices can affect the network
• Network adapter cards and MAU's are much more expensive than
Ethernet cards and hubs
• Much slower than an Ethernet network under normal load
 Mesh Topology
• The value of fully meshed
networks is proportional
to the exponent of the
number of subscribers,
assuming that
communicating groups of
any two endpoints, up to
and including all the
endpoints
 Tree

• A tree topology combines

characteristics of linear bus
and star topologies. It
consists of groups of star-
configured workstations
connected to a linear bus
backbone cable .Tree
topologies allow for the
expansion of an existing
network, and enable
schools to configure a
network to meet their
needs.
 Tree…..
Advantages of a Tree Topology
• Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
• Supported by several hardware and software
venders.
Disadvantages of a Tree Topology
• Overall length of each segment is limited by the type
of cabling used.
• If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes
down.
• More difficult to configure and wire than other
topologies.
 Hybrid network topologies
The hybrid topology is a type of network topology that is composed
of one or more interconnections of two or more networks that are
based upon different physical topologies or a type of network
topology that is composed of one or more interconnections of two
or more networks that are based upon the same physical topology,
but where the physical topology of the network resulting from such
an interconnection does not meet the definition of the original
physical topology of the interconnected networks (e.g., the physical
topology of a network that would result from an interconnection of
two or more networks that are based upon the physical star
topology might create a hybrid topology which resembles a mixture
of the physical star and physical bus topologies or a mixture of the
physical star and the physical tree topologies, depending upon how
the individual networks are interconnected, while the physical
topology of a network that would result from an interconnection of
two or more networks that are based upon the physical distributed
bus network retains the topology of a physical distributed bus
network).
 Star-bus
A type of network topology in which the central nodes of
one or more individual networks that are based upon the
physical star topology are connected together using a
common 'bus' network whose physical topology is based
upon the physical linear bus topology, the endpoints of
the common 'bus' being terminated with the
characteristic impedance of the transmission medium
where required – e.g., two or more hubs connected to a
common backbone with drop cables through the port on
the hub that is provided for that purpose (e.g., a properly
configured 'uplink' port) would comprise the physical bus
portion of the physical star-bus topology, while each of
the individual hubs, combined with the individual nodes
which are connected to them, would comprise the
physical star portion of the physical star-bus topology.
 Star-of-stars
• A type of network topology that is composed of
an interconnection of individual networks that
are based upon the physical star topology
connected together in a hierarchical fashion to
form a more complex network – e.g., a top level
central node which is the 'hub' of the top level
physical star topology and to which other second
level central nodes are attached as the 'spoke'
nodes, each of which, in turn, may also become
the central nodes of a third level physical star
topology.
 Star-wired ring
• A type of hybrid physical network topology that is a
combination of the physical star topology and the
physical ring topology, the physical star portion of the
topology consisting of a network in which each of the
nodes of which the network is composed are connected
to a central node with a point-to-point link in a 'hub' and
'spoke' fashion, the central node being the 'hub' and the
nodes that are attached to the central node being the
'spokes' (e.g., a collection of point-to-point links from the
peripheral nodes that converge at a central node) in a
fashion that is identical to the physical star topology,
while the physical ring portion of the topology consists of
circuitry within the central node which routes the signals
on the network to each of the connected nodes
sequentially, in a circular fashion.
 Hybrid mesh
A type of hybrid physical network topology
that is a combination of the physical
partially connected topology and one or
more other physical topologies the mesh
portion of the topology consisting of
redundant or alternate connections
between some of the nodes in the network
– the physical hybrid mesh topology is
commonly used in networks which require
a high degree of availability..
Connection based networking types
• Optical fiber
• Ethernet
• Wireless LAN
• Power line communication.
 functional based network types
• Peer to peer
• Client-server
• 3 –tier
• Multi-tier